Source code for pyuvdata.utils

# -*- mode: python; coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (c) 2018 Radio Astronomy Software Group
# Licensed under the 2-clause BSD License

"""Commonly used utility functions."""
import re
import copy
import warnings
from collections.abc import Iterable
from copy import deepcopy

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
from astropy.time import Time
from astropy.coordinates import Angle
from astropy.utils import iers
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, Distance, EarthLocation
from astropy import units
from . import _utils
import erfa


__all__ = [
    "POL_STR2NUM_DICT",
    "POL_NUM2STR_DICT",
    "CONJ_POL_DICT",
    "JONES_STR2NUM_DICT",
    "JONES_NUM2STR_DICT",
    "LatLonAlt_from_XYZ",
    "XYZ_from_LatLonAlt",
    "rotECEF_from_ECEF",
    "ECEF_from_rotECEF",
    "ENU_from_ECEF",
    "ECEF_from_ENU",
    "phase_uvw",
    "unphase_uvw",
    "uvcalibrate",
    "apply_uvflag",
    "get_lst_for_time",
    "polstr2num",
    "polnum2str",
    "jstr2num",
    "jnum2str",
    "parse_polstr",
    "parse_jpolstr",
    "conj_pol",
    "reorder_conj_pols",
    "baseline_to_antnums",
    "antnums_to_baseline",
    "baseline_index_flip",
    "get_baseline_redundancies",
    "get_antenna_redundancies",
    "collapse",
    "mean_collapse",
    "absmean_collapse",
    "quadmean_collapse",
    "or_collapse",
    "and_collapse",
]

# fmt: off
# polarization constants
# maps polarization strings to polarization integers
POL_STR2NUM_DICT = {"pI": 1, "pQ": 2, "pU": 3, "pV": 4,
                    "I": 1, "Q": 2, "U": 3, "V": 4,  # support straight stokes names
                    "rr": -1, "ll": -2, "rl": -3, "lr": -4,
                    "xx": -5, "yy": -6, "xy": -7, "yx": -8}
# maps polarization integers to polarization strings
POL_NUM2STR_DICT = {1: "pI", 2: "pQ", 3: "pU", 4: "pV",
                    -1: "rr", -2: "ll", -3: "rl", -4: "lr",
                    -5: "xx", -6: "yy", -7: "xy", -8: "yx"}

# maps how polarizations change when antennas are swapped
CONJ_POL_DICT = {"xx": "xx", "yy": "yy", "xy": "yx", "yx": "xy",
                 "ee": "ee", "nn": "nn", "en": "ne", "ne": "en",
                 "rr": "rr", "ll": "ll", "rl": "lr", "lr": "rl",
                 "I": "I", "Q": "Q", "U": "U", "V": "V",
                 "pI": "pI", "pQ": "pQ", "pU": "pU", "pV": "pV"}

# maps jones matrix element strings to jones integers
# Add entries that don't start with "J" to allow shorthand versions
JONES_STR2NUM_DICT = {"Jxx": -5, "Jyy": -6, "Jxy": -7, "Jyx": -8,
                      "xx": -5, "x": -5, "yy": -6, "y": -6, "xy": -7, "yx": -8,
                      "Jrr": -1, "Jll": -2, "Jrl": -3, "Jlr": -4,
                      "rr": -1, "r": -1, "ll": -2, "l": -2, "rl": -3, "lr": -4}
# maps jones integers to jones matrix element strings
JONES_NUM2STR_DICT = {-1: "Jrr", -2: "Jll", -3: "Jrl", -4: "Jlr",
                      -5: "Jxx", -6: "Jyy", -7: "Jxy", -8: "Jyx"}

# maps uvdata pols to input feed polarizations
POL_TO_FEED_DICT = {"xx": ["x", "x"], "yy": ["y", "y"],
                    "xy": ["x", "y"], "yx": ["y", "x"],
                    "ee": ["e", "e"], "nn": ["n", "n"],
                    "en": ["e", "n"], "ne": ["n", "e"],
                    "rr": ["r", "r"], "ll": ["l", "l"],
                    "rl": ["r", "l"], "lr": ["l", "r"]}

# fmt: on


def _get_iterable(x):
    """Return iterable version of input."""
    if isinstance(x, Iterable):
        return x
    else:
        return (x,)


def _fits_gethduaxis(hdu, axis):
    """
    Make axis arrays for fits files.

    Parameters
    ----------
    hdu : astropy.io.fits HDU object
        The HDU to make an axis array for.
    axis : int
        The axis number of interest (1-based).

    Returns
    -------
    ndarray of float
        Array of values for the specified axis.

    """
    ax = str(axis)
    axis_num = hdu.header["NAXIS" + ax]
    val = hdu.header["CRVAL" + ax]
    delta = hdu.header["CDELT" + ax]
    index = hdu.header["CRPIX" + ax] - 1

    return delta * (np.arange(axis_num) - index) + val


def _fits_indexhdus(hdulist):
    """
    Get a dict of table names and HDU numbers from a FITS HDU list.

    Parameters
    ----------
    hdulist : list of astropy.io.fits HDU objects
        List of HDUs to get names for

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        dictionary with table names as keys and HDU number as values.

    """
    tablenames = {}
    for i in range(len(hdulist)):
        try:
            tablenames[hdulist[i].header["EXTNAME"]] = i
        except (KeyError):
            continue
    return tablenames


def _get_fits_extra_keywords(header, keywords_to_skip=None):
    """
    Get any extra keywords and return as dict.

    Parameters
    ----------
    header : FITS header object
        header object to get extra_keywords from.
    keywords_to_skip : list of str
        list of keywords to not include in extra keywords in addition to standard
        FITS keywords.

    Returns
    -------
    dict
        dict of extra keywords.
    """
    # List standard FITS header items that are still should not be included in
    # extra_keywords
    # These are the beginnings of FITS keywords to ignore, the actual keywords
    # often include integers following these names (e.g. NAXIS1, CTYPE3)
    std_fits_substrings = [
        "HISTORY",
        "SIMPLE",
        "BITPIX",
        "EXTEND",
        "BLOCKED",
        "GROUPS",
        "PCOUNT",
        "BSCALE",
        "BZERO",
        "NAXIS",
        "PTYPE",
        "PSCAL",
        "PZERO",
        "CTYPE",
        "CRVAL",
        "CRPIX",
        "CDELT",
        "CROTA",
        "CUNIT",
    ]

    if keywords_to_skip is not None:
        std_fits_substrings.extend(keywords_to_skip)

    extra_keywords = {}
    # find all the other header items and keep them as extra_keywords
    for key in header:
        # check if key contains any of the standard FITS substrings
        if np.any([sub in key for sub in std_fits_substrings]):
            continue
        if key == "COMMENT":
            extra_keywords[key] = str(header.get(key))
        elif key != "":
            extra_keywords[key] = header.get(key)

    return extra_keywords


def _check_history_version(history, version_string):
    """Check if version_string is present in history string."""
    if version_string.replace(" ", "") in history.replace("\n", "").replace(" ", ""):
        return True
    else:
        return False


def _check_histories(history1, history2):
    """Check if two histories are the same."""
    if history1.replace("\n", "").replace(" ", "") == history2.replace(
        "\n", ""
    ).replace(" ", ""):
        return True
    else:
        return False


def _combine_history_addition(history1, history2):
    """
    Find extra history to add to have minimal repeats.

    Parameters
    ----------
    history1 : str
        First history.
    history2 : str
        Second history

    Returns
    -------
    str
        Extra history to add to first history.

    """
    # first check if they're the same to avoid more complicated processing.
    if _check_histories(history1, history2):
        return None

    hist2_words = history2.split(" ")
    add_hist = ""
    test_hist1 = " " + history1 + " "
    for i, word in enumerate(hist2_words):
        if " " + word + " " not in test_hist1:
            add_hist += " " + word
            keep_going = i + 1 < len(hist2_words)
            while keep_going:
                if (hist2_words[i + 1] == " ") or (
                    " " + hist2_words[i + 1] + " " not in test_hist1
                ):
                    add_hist += " " + hist2_words[i + 1]
                    del hist2_words[i + 1]
                    keep_going = i + 1 < len(hist2_words)
                else:
                    keep_going = False

    if add_hist == "":
        add_hist = None
    return add_hist


[docs]def baseline_to_antnums(baseline, Nants_telescope): """ Get the antenna numbers corresponding to a given baseline number. Parameters ---------- baseline : int or array_like of ints baseline number Nants_telescope : int number of antennas Returns ------- int or array_like of int first antenna number(s) int or array_like of int second antenna number(s) """ if Nants_telescope > 2048: raise Exception( "error Nants={Nants}>2048 not supported".format(Nants=Nants_telescope) ) return_array = isinstance(baseline, (np.ndarray, list, tuple)) ant1, ant2 = _utils.baseline_to_antnums( np.ascontiguousarray(baseline, dtype=np.int64) ) if return_array: return ant1, ant2 else: return ant1.item(0), ant2.item(0)
[docs]def antnums_to_baseline(ant1, ant2, Nants_telescope, attempt256=False): """ Get the baseline number corresponding to two given antenna numbers. Parameters ---------- ant1 : int or array_like of int first antenna number ant2 : int or array_like of int second antenna number Nants_telescope : int number of antennas attempt256 : bool Option to try to use the older 256 standard used in many uvfits files (will use 2048 standard if there are more than 256 antennas). Default is False. Returns ------- int or array of int baseline number corresponding to the two antenna numbers. """ if Nants_telescope is not None and Nants_telescope > 2048: raise Exception( "cannot convert ant1, ant2 to a baseline index " "with Nants={Nants}>2048.".format(Nants=Nants_telescope) ) return_array = isinstance(ant1, (np.ndarray, list, tuple)) baseline = _utils.antnums_to_baseline( np.ascontiguousarray(ant1, dtype=np.int64), np.ascontiguousarray(ant2, dtype=np.int64), attempt256=attempt256, ) if return_array: return baseline else: return baseline.item(0)
[docs]def baseline_index_flip(baseline, Nants_telescope): """Change baseline number to reverse antenna order.""" ant1, ant2 = baseline_to_antnums(baseline, Nants_telescope) return antnums_to_baseline(ant2, ant1, Nants_telescope)
def _x_orientation_rep_dict(x_orientation): """Create replacement dict based on x_orientation.""" if x_orientation.lower() == "east" or x_orientation.lower() == "e": return {"x": "e", "y": "n"} elif x_orientation.lower() == "north" or x_orientation.lower() == "n": return {"x": "n", "y": "e"} else: raise ValueError("x_orientation not recognized.")
[docs]def polstr2num(pol, x_orientation=None): """ Convert polarization str to number according to AIPS Memo 117. Prefer 'pI', 'pQ', 'pU' and 'pV' to make it clear that these are pseudo-Stokes, not true Stokes, but also supports 'I', 'Q', 'U', 'V'. Parameters ---------- pol : str polarization string x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to allow for converting from E/N strings. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- int Number corresponding to string Raises ------ ValueError If the pol string cannot be converted to a polarization number. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ dict_use = copy.deepcopy(POL_STR2NUM_DICT) if x_orientation is not None: try: rep_dict = _x_orientation_rep_dict(x_orientation) for key, value in POL_STR2NUM_DICT.items(): new_key = key.replace("x", rep_dict["x"]).replace("y", rep_dict["y"]) dict_use[new_key] = value except ValueError: warnings.warn("x_orientation not recognized.") poldict = {k.lower(): v for k, v in dict_use.items()} if isinstance(pol, str): out = poldict[pol.lower()] elif isinstance(pol, Iterable): out = [poldict[key.lower()] for key in pol] else: raise ValueError( "Polarization {p} cannot be converted to a polarization number.".format( p=pol ) ) return out
[docs]def polnum2str(num, x_orientation=None): """ Convert polarization number to str according to AIPS Memo 117. Uses 'pI', 'pQ', 'pU' and 'pV' to make it clear that these are pseudo-Stokes, not true Stokes Parameters ---------- num : int polarization number x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to convert to E/N strings. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- str String corresponding to polarization number Raises ------ ValueError If the polarization number cannot be converted to a polarization string. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ dict_use = copy.deepcopy(POL_NUM2STR_DICT) if x_orientation is not None: try: rep_dict = _x_orientation_rep_dict(x_orientation) for key, value in POL_NUM2STR_DICT.items(): new_val = value.replace("x", rep_dict["x"]).replace("y", rep_dict["y"]) dict_use[key] = new_val except ValueError: warnings.warn("x_orientation not recognized.") if isinstance(num, (int, np.int32, np.int64)): out = dict_use[num] elif isinstance(num, Iterable): out = [dict_use[i] for i in num] else: raise ValueError( "Polarization {p} cannot be converted to string.".format(p=num) ) return out
[docs]def jstr2num(jstr, x_orientation=None): """ Convert jones polarization str to number according to calfits memo. Parameters ---------- jstr : str antenna (jones) polarization string x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to allow for converting from E/N strings. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- int antenna (jones) polarization number corresponding to string Raises ------ ValueError If the jones string cannot be converted to a polarization number. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ dict_use = copy.deepcopy(JONES_STR2NUM_DICT) if x_orientation is not None: try: rep_dict = _x_orientation_rep_dict(x_orientation) for key, value in JONES_STR2NUM_DICT.items(): new_key = key.replace("x", rep_dict["x"]).replace("y", rep_dict["y"]) dict_use[new_key] = value except ValueError: warnings.warn("x_orientation not recognized.") jdict = {k.lower(): v for k, v in dict_use.items()} if isinstance(jstr, str): out = jdict[jstr.lower()] elif isinstance(jstr, Iterable): out = [jdict[key.lower()] for key in jstr] else: raise ValueError( "Jones polarization {j} cannot be converted to index.".format(j=jstr) ) return out
[docs]def jnum2str(jnum, x_orientation=None): """ Convert jones polarization number to str according to calfits memo. Parameters ---------- num : int antenna (jones) polarization number x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to convert to E/N strings. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- str antenna (jones) polarization string corresponding to number Raises ------ ValueError If the jones polarization number cannot be converted to a jones polarization string. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ dict_use = copy.deepcopy(JONES_NUM2STR_DICT) if x_orientation is not None: try: rep_dict = _x_orientation_rep_dict(x_orientation) for key, value in JONES_NUM2STR_DICT.items(): new_val = value.replace("x", rep_dict["x"]).replace("y", rep_dict["y"]) dict_use[key] = new_val except ValueError: warnings.warn("x_orientation not recognized.") if isinstance(jnum, (int, np.int32, np.int64)): out = dict_use[jnum] elif isinstance(jnum, Iterable): out = [dict_use[i] for i in jnum] else: raise ValueError( "Jones polarization {j} cannot be converted to string.".format(j=jnum) ) return out
[docs]def parse_polstr(polstr, x_orientation=None): """ Parse a polarization string and return pyuvdata standard polarization string. See utils.POL_STR2NUM_DICT for options. Parameters ---------- polstr : str polarization string x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to allow for converting from E/N strings. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- str AIPS Memo 117 standard string Raises ------ ValueError If the pol string cannot be converted to a polarization number. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ return polnum2str( polstr2num(polstr, x_orientation=x_orientation), x_orientation=x_orientation )
[docs]def parse_jpolstr(jpolstr, x_orientation=None): """ Parse a Jones polarization string and return pyuvdata standard jones string. See utils.JONES_STR2NUM_DICT for options. Parameters ---------- jpolstr : str Jones polarization string Returns ------- str calfits memo standard string Raises ------ ValueError If the jones string cannot be converted to a polarization number. Warns ----- UserWarning If the x_orientation not recognized. """ return jnum2str( jstr2num(jpolstr, x_orientation=x_orientation), x_orientation=x_orientation )
[docs]def conj_pol(pol): """ Return the polarization for the conjugate baseline. For example, (1, 2, 'xy') = conj(2, 1, 'yx'). The returned polarization is determined by assuming the antenna pair is reversed in the data, and finding the correct polarization correlation which will yield the requested baseline when conjugated. Note this means changing the polarization for linear cross-pols, but keeping auto-pol (e.g. xx) and Stokes the same. Parameters ---------- pol : str or int Polarization string or integer. Returns ------- cpol : str or int Polarization as if antennas are swapped (type matches input) """ cpol_dict = {k.lower(): v for k, v in CONJ_POL_DICT.items()} if isinstance(pol, str): cpol = cpol_dict[pol.lower()] elif isinstance(pol, Iterable): cpol = [conj_pol(p) for p in pol] elif isinstance(pol, (int, np.int32, np.int64)): cpol = polstr2num(cpol_dict[polnum2str(pol).lower()]) else: raise ValueError("Polarization not recognized, cannot be conjugated.") return cpol
[docs]def reorder_conj_pols(pols): """ Reorder multiple pols, swapping pols that are conjugates of one another. For example ('xx', 'xy', 'yx', 'yy') -> ('xx', 'yx', 'xy', 'yy') This is useful for the _key2inds function in the case where an antenna pair is specified but the conjugate pair exists in the data. The conjugated data should be returned in the order of the polarization axis, so after conjugating the data, the pols need to be reordered. For example, if a file contains antpair (0, 1) and pols 'xy' and 'yx', but the user requests antpair (1, 0), they should get: [(1x, 0y), (1y, 0x)] = [conj(0y, 1x), conj(0x, 1y)] Parameters ---------- pols : array_like of str or int Polarization array (strings or ints). Returns ------- conj_order : ndarray of int Indices to reorder polarization array. """ if not isinstance(pols, Iterable): raise ValueError("reorder_conj_pols must be given an array of polarizations.") cpols = np.array([conj_pol(p) for p in pols]) # Array needed for np.where conj_order = [np.where(cpols == p)[0][0] if p in cpols else -1 for p in pols] if -1 in conj_order: raise ValueError( "Not all conjugate pols exist in the polarization array provided." ) return conj_order
[docs]def LatLonAlt_from_XYZ(xyz, check_acceptability=True): """ Calculate lat/lon/alt from ECEF x,y,z. Parameters ---------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with ECEF x,y,z coordinates. check_acceptability : bool Flag to check XYZ coordinates are reasonable. Returns ------- latitude : ndarray or float latitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in radians longitude : ndarray or float longitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in radians altitude : ndarray or float altitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in meters """ # convert to a numpy array xyz = np.asarray(xyz) if xyz.ndim > 1 and xyz.shape[1] != 3: raise ValueError("The expected shape of ECEF xyz array is (Npts, 3).") squeeze = xyz.ndim == 1 if squeeze: xyz = xyz[np.newaxis, :] xyz = np.ascontiguousarray(xyz.T, dtype=np.float64) # checking for acceptable values if check_acceptability: norms = np.linalg.norm(xyz, axis=0) if not all(np.logical_and(norms >= 6.35e6, norms <= 6.39e6)): raise ValueError("xyz values should be ECEF x, y, z coordinates in meters") # this helper function returns one 2D array because it is less overhead for cython lla = _utils._lla_from_xyz(xyz) if squeeze: return lla[0, 0], lla[1, 0], lla[2, 0] return lla[0], lla[1], lla[2]
[docs]def XYZ_from_LatLonAlt(latitude, longitude, altitude): """ Calculate ECEF x,y,z from lat/lon/alt values. Parameters ---------- latitude : ndarray or float latitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in radians longitude : ndarray or float longitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in radians altitude : ndarray or float altitude, numpy array (if Npts > 1) or value (if Npts = 1) in meters Returns ------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with ECEF x,y,z coordinates. """ latitude = np.ascontiguousarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64) longitude = np.ascontiguousarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64) altitude = np.ascontiguousarray(altitude, dtype=np.float64) n_pts = latitude.size if longitude.size != n_pts: raise ValueError( "latitude, longitude and altitude must all have the same length" ) if altitude.size != n_pts: raise ValueError( "latitude, longitude and altitude must all have the same length" ) xyz = _utils._xyz_from_latlonalt(latitude, longitude, altitude) xyz = xyz.T if n_pts == 1: return xyz[0] return xyz
[docs]def rotECEF_from_ECEF(xyz, longitude): """ Get rotated ECEF positions such that the x-axis goes through the longitude. Miriad and uvfits expect antenna positions in this frame (with longitude of the array center/telescope location) Parameters ---------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with ECEF x,y,z coordinates. longitude : float longitude in radians to rotate coordinates to (usually the array center/telescope location). Returns ------- ndarray of float Rotated ECEF coordinates, shape (Npts, 3). """ angle = -1 * longitude rot_matrix = np.array( [ [np.cos(angle), -1 * np.sin(angle), 0], [np.sin(angle), np.cos(angle), 0], [0, 0, 1], ] ) return rot_matrix.dot(xyz.T).T
[docs]def ECEF_from_rotECEF(xyz, longitude): """ Calculate ECEF from a rotated ECEF (Inverse of rotECEF_from_ECEF). Parameters ---------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with rotated ECEF x,y,z coordinates. longitude : float longitude in radians giving the x direction of the rotated coordinates (usually the array center/telescope location). Returns ------- ndarray of float ECEF coordinates, shape (Npts, 3). """ angle = longitude rot_matrix = np.array( [ [np.cos(angle), -1 * np.sin(angle), 0], [np.sin(angle), np.cos(angle), 0], [0, 0, 1], ] ) return rot_matrix.dot(xyz.T).T
[docs]def ENU_from_ECEF(xyz, latitude, longitude, altitude): """ Calculate local ENU (east, north, up) coordinates from ECEF coordinates. Parameters ---------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with ECEF x,y,z coordinates. latitude : float Latitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. longitude : float Longitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. altitude : float Altitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. Returns ------- ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with local ENU coordinates """ xyz = np.asarray(xyz) if xyz.ndim > 1 and xyz.shape[1] != 3: raise ValueError("The expected shape of ECEF xyz array is (Npts, 3).") squeeze = False if xyz.ndim == 1: squeeze = True xyz = xyz[np.newaxis, :] xyz = np.ascontiguousarray(xyz.T, dtype=np.float64) # check that these are sensible ECEF values -- their magnitudes need to be # on the order of Earth's radius ecef_magnitudes = np.linalg.norm(xyz, axis=0) sensible_radius_range = (6.35e6, 6.39e6) if np.any(ecef_magnitudes <= sensible_radius_range[0]) or np.any( ecef_magnitudes >= sensible_radius_range[1] ): raise ValueError( "ECEF vector magnitudes must be on the order of the radius of the earth" ) # the cython utility expects (3, Npts) for faster manipulation # transpose after we get the array back to match the expected shape enu = _utils._ENU_from_ECEF( xyz, np.ascontiguousarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64), np.ascontiguousarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64), np.ascontiguousarray(altitude, dtype=np.float64), ) enu = enu.T if squeeze: enu = np.squeeze(enu) return enu
[docs]def ECEF_from_ENU(enu, latitude, longitude, altitude): """ Calculate ECEF coordinates from local ENU (east, north, up) coordinates. Parameters ---------- enu : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with local ENU coordinates. latitude : float Latitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. longitude : float Longitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. altitude : float Altitude of center of ENU coordinates in radians. Returns ------- xyz : ndarray of float numpy array, shape (Npts, 3), with ECEF x,y,z coordinates. """ enu = np.asarray(enu) if enu.ndim > 1 and enu.shape[1] != 3: raise ValueError("The expected shape of the ENU array is (Npts, 3).") squeeze = False if enu.ndim == 1: squeeze = True enu = enu[np.newaxis, :] enu = np.ascontiguousarray(enu.T, dtype=np.float64) # the cython utility expects (3, Npts) for faster manipulation # transpose after we get the array back to match the expected shape xyz = _utils._ECEF_from_ENU( enu, np.ascontiguousarray(latitude, dtype=np.float64), np.ascontiguousarray(longitude, dtype=np.float64), np.ascontiguousarray(altitude, dtype=np.float64), ) xyz = xyz.T if squeeze: xyz = np.squeeze(xyz) return xyz
[docs]def phase_uvw(ra, dec, initial_uvw): """ Calculate phased uvws/positions from unphased ones in an icrs or gcrs frame. This code expects input uvws or positions relative to the telescope location in the same frame that ra/dec are in (e.g. icrs or gcrs) and returns phased ones in the same frame. Note that this code is nearly identical to ENU_from_ECEF, except that it uses an arbitrary phasing center rather than a coordinate center. Parameters ---------- ra : float Right ascension of phase center. dec : float Declination of phase center. initial_uvw : ndarray of float Unphased uvws or positions relative to the array center, shape (Nlocs, 3). Returns ------- uvw : ndarray of float uvw array in the same frame as initial_uvws, ra and dec. """ if initial_uvw.ndim == 1: initial_uvw = initial_uvw[np.newaxis, :] return _utils._phase_uvw( np.float64(ra), np.float64(dec), np.ascontiguousarray(initial_uvw.T, dtype=np.float64), ).T
[docs]def unphase_uvw(ra, dec, uvw): """ Calculate unphased uvws/positions from phased ones in an icrs or gcrs frame. This code expects phased uvws or positions in the same frame that ra/dec are in (e.g. icrs or gcrs) and returns unphased ones in the same frame. Parameters ---------- ra : float Right ascension of phase center. dec : float Declination of phase center. uvw : ndarray of float Phased uvws or positions relative to the array center, shape (Nlocs, 3). Returns ------- unphased_uvws : ndarray of float Unphased uvws or positions relative to the array center, shape (Nlocs, 3). """ if uvw.ndim == 1: uvw = uvw[np.newaxis, :] return _utils._unphase_uvw( np.float64(ra), np.float64(dec), np.ascontiguousarray(uvw.T, dtype=np.float64), ).T
def polar2_to_cart3(lon_array, lat_array): """ Convert 2D polar coordinates into 3D cartesian coordinates. This is a simple routine for converting a set of spherical angular coordinates into a 3D cartesian vectors, where the x-direction is set by the position (0, 0). Parameters ---------- lon_array : float or ndarray Longitude coordinates, which increases in the counter-clockwise direction. Units of radians. Can either be a float or ndarray -- if the latter, must have the same shape as lat_array. lat_array : float or ndarray Latitude coordinates, where 0 falls on the equator of the sphere. Units of radians. Can either be a float or ndarray -- if the latter, must have the same shape as lat_array. Returns ------- xyz_array : ndarray of float Cartesian coordinates of the given longitude and latitude on a unit sphere. Shape is (3, coord_shape), where coord_shape is the shape of lon_array and lat_array if they were provided as type ndarray, otherwise (3,). """ # Check to make sure that we are not playing with mixed types if type(lon_array) is not type(lat_array): raise ValueError( "lon_array and lat_array must either both be floats or ndarrays." ) if isinstance(lon_array, np.ndarray): if lon_array.shape != lat_array.shape: raise ValueError("lon_array and lat_array must have the same shape.") # Once we know that lon_array and lat_array are of the same shape, # time to create our 3D set of vectors! xyz_array = np.array( [ np.cos(lon_array) * np.cos(lat_array), np.sin(lon_array) * np.cos(lat_array), np.sin(lat_array), ], dtype=float, ) return xyz_array def cart3_to_polar2(xyz_array): """ Convert 3D cartesian coordinates into 2D polar coordinates. This is a simple routine for converting a set of 3D cartesian vectors into spherical coordinates, where the position (0, 0) lies along the x-direction. Parameters ---------- xyz_array : ndarray of float Cartesian coordinates, need not be of unit vector length. Shape is (3, coord_shape). Returns ------- lon_array : ndarray of float Longitude coordinates, which increases in the counter-clockwise direction. Units of radians, shape is (coord_shape,). lat_array : ndarray of float Latitude coordinates, where 0 falls on the equator of the sphere. Units of radians, shape is (coord_shape,). """ if not isinstance(xyz_array, np.ndarray): raise ValueError("xyz_array must be an ndarray.") if xyz_array.ndim == 0: raise ValueError("xyz_array must have ndim > 0") if xyz_array.shape[0] != 3: raise ValueError("xyz_array must be length 3 across the zeroth axis.") # The longitude coord is relatively easy to calculate, just take the X and Y # components and find the arctac of the pair. lon_array = np.mod(np.arctan2(xyz_array[1], xyz_array[0]), 2.0 * np.pi, dtype=float) # If we _knew_ that xyz_array was always of length 1, then this call could be a much # simpler one to arcsin. But to make this generic, we'll use the length of the XY # component along with arctan2. lat_array = np.arctan2( xyz_array[2], np.sqrt((xyz_array[0:2] ** 2.0).sum(axis=0)), dtype=float ) # Return the two arrays return lon_array, lat_array def _rotate_matmul_wrapper(xyz_array, rot_matrix, n_rot): """ Apply a rotation matrix to a series of vectors. This is a simple convenience function which wraps numpy's matmul function for use with various vector rotation functions in this module. This code could, in principle, be replaced by a cythonized piece of code, although the matmul function is _pretty_ well optimized already. This function is not meant to be called by users, but is instead used by multiple higher-level utility functions (namely those that perform rotations). Parameters ---------- xyz_array : ndarray of floats Array of vectors to be rotated. When nrot > 1, shape may be (n_rot, 3, n_vec) or (1, 3, n_vec), the latter is useful for when performing multiple rotations on a fixed set of vectors. If nrot = 1, shape may be (1, 3, n_vec), (3, n_vec), or (3,). rot_matrix : ndarray of floats Series of rotation matricies to be applied to the stack of vectors. Must be of shape (n_rot, 3, 3) n_rot : int Number of individual rotation matricies to be applied. Returns ------- rotated_xyz : ndarray of floats Array of vectors that have been rotated, of shape (n_rot, 3, n_vectors,). """ # Do a quick check to make sure that things look sensible if rot_matrix.shape != (n_rot, 3, 3): raise ValueError( "rot_matrix must be of shape (n_rot, 3, 3), where n_rot=%i." % n_rot ) if (xyz_array.ndim == 3) and ( (xyz_array.shape[0] not in [1, n_rot]) or (xyz_array.shape[-2] != 3) ): raise ValueError("Misshaped xyz_array - expected shape (n_rot, 3, n_vectors).") if (xyz_array.ndim < 3) and (xyz_array.shape[0] != 3): raise ValueError("Misshaped xyz_array - expected shape (3, n_vectors) or (3,).") rotated_xyz = np.matmul(rot_matrix, xyz_array) return rotated_xyz def _rotate_one_axis(xyz_array, rot_amount, rot_axis): """ Rotate an array of 3D positions around the a single axis (x, y, or z). This function performs a basic rotation of 3D vectors about one of the priciple axes -- the x-axis, the y-axis, or the z-axis. Note that the rotations here obey the right-hand rule -- that is to say, from the perspective of the positive side of the axis of rotation, a positive rotation will cause points on the plane intersecting this axis to move in a counter-clockwise fashion. Parameters ---------- xyz_array : ndarray of float Set of 3-dimensional vectors be rotated, in typical right-handed cartesian order, e.g. (x, y, z). Shape is (Nrot, 3, Nvectors). rot_amount : float or ndarray of float Amount (in radians) to rotate the given set of coordinates. Can either be a single float (or ndarray of shape (1,)) if rotating all vectors by the same amount, otherwise expected to be shape (Nrot,). rot_axis : int Axis around which the rotation is applied. 0 is the x-axis, 1 is the y-axis, and 2 is the z-axis. Returns ------- rotated_xyz : ndarray of float Set of rotated 3-dimensional vectors, shape (Nrot, 3, Nvector). """ # If rot_amount is None or all zeros, then this is just one big old no-op. if (rot_amount is None) or np.all(rot_amount == 0.0): if np.ndim(xyz_array) == 1: return deepcopy(xyz_array[np.newaxis, :, np.newaxis]) elif np.ndim(xyz_array) == 2: return deepcopy(xyz_array[np.newaxis, :, :]) else: return deepcopy(xyz_array) # Check and see how big of a rotation matrix we need n_rot = 1 if (not isinstance(rot_amount, np.ndarray)) else (rot_amount.shape[0]) n_vec = xyz_array.shape[-1] # The promotion of values to float64 is to suppress numerical precision issues, # since the matrix math can - in limited circumstances - introduce precision errors # of order 10x the limiting numerical precision of the float. For a float32/single, # thats a part in 1e6 (~arcsec-level errors), but for a float64 it translates to # a part in 1e15. rot_matrix = np.zeros((3, 3, n_rot), dtype=np.float64) # Figure out which pieces of the matrix we need to update temp_jdx = (rot_axis + 1) % 3 temp_idx = (rot_axis + 2) % 3 # Fill in the rotation matricies accordingly rot_matrix[rot_axis, rot_axis] = 1 rot_matrix[temp_idx, temp_idx] = np.cos(rot_amount, dtype=np.float64) rot_matrix[temp_jdx, temp_jdx] = rot_matrix[temp_idx, temp_idx] rot_matrix[temp_idx, temp_jdx] = np.sin(rot_amount, dtype=np.float64) rot_matrix[temp_jdx, temp_idx] = -rot_matrix[temp_idx, temp_jdx] # The rot matrix was shape (3, 3, n_rot) to help speed up filling in the elements # of each matrix, but now we want to flip it into its proper shape of (n_rot, 3, 3) rot_matrix = np.transpose(rot_matrix, axes=[2, 0, 1]) if (n_rot == 1) and (n_vec == 1) and (xyz_array.ndim == 3): # This is a special case where we allow the rotation axis to "expand" along # the 0th axis of the rot_amount arrays. For xyz_array, if n_vectors = 1 # but n_rot !=1, then it's a lot faster (by about 10x) to "switch it up" and # swap the n_vector and n_rot axes, and then swap them back once everything # else is done. return np.transpose( _rotate_matmul_wrapper( np.transpose(xyz_array, axes=[2, 1, 0]), rot_matrix, n_rot, ), axes=[2, 1, 0], ) else: return _rotate_matmul_wrapper(xyz_array, rot_matrix, n_rot) def _rotate_two_axis(xyz_array, rot_amount1, rot_amount2, rot_axis1, rot_axis2): """ Rotate an array of 3D positions sequentially around a pair of axes (x, y, or z). This function performs a sequential pair of basic rotations of 3D vectors about the priciple axes -- the x-axis, the y-axis, or the z-axis. Note that the rotations here obey the right-hand rule -- that is to say, from the perspective of the positive side of the axis of rotation, a positive rotation will cause points on the plane intersecting this axis to move in a counter-clockwise fashion. Parameters ---------- xyz_array : ndarray of float Set of 3-dimensional vectors be rotated, in typical right-handed cartesian order, e.g. (x, y, z). Shape is (Nrot, 3, Nvectors). rot_amount1 : float or ndarray of float Amount (in radians) of rotatation to apply during the first rotation of the sequence, to the given set of coordinates. Can either be a single float (or ndarray of shape (1,)) if rotating all vectors by the same amount, otherwise expected to be shape (Nrot,). rot_amount2 : float or ndarray of float Amount (in radians) of rotatation to apply during the second rotation of the sequence, to the given set of coordinates. Can either be a single float (or ndarray of shape (1,)) if rotating all vectors by the same amount, otherwise expected to be shape (Nrot,). rot_axis1 : int Axis around which the first rotation is applied. 0 is the x-axis, 1 is the y-axis, and 2 is the z-axis. rot_axis2 : int Axis around which the second rotation is applied. 0 is the x-axis, 1 is the y-axis, and 2 is the z-axis. Returns ------- rotated_xyz : ndarray of float Set of rotated 3-dimensional vectors, shape (Nrot, 3, Nvector). """ # Capture some special cases upfront, where we can save ourselves a bit of work no_rot1 = (rot_amount1 is None) or np.all(rot_amount1 == 0.0) no_rot2 = (rot_amount2 is None) or np.all(rot_amount2 == 0.0) if no_rot1 and no_rot2: # If rot_amount is None, then this is just one big old no-op. return deepcopy(xyz_array) elif no_rot1: # If rot_amount1 is None, then ignore it and just work w/ the 2nd rotation return _rotate_one_axis(xyz_array, rot_amount2, rot_axis2) elif no_rot2: # If rot_amount2 is None, then ignore it and just work w/ the 1st rotation return _rotate_one_axis(xyz_array, rot_amount1, rot_axis1) elif rot_axis1 == rot_axis2: # Capture the case where someone wants to do a sequence of rotations on the same # axis. Also known as just rotating a single axis. return _rotate_one_axis(xyz_array, rot_amount1 + rot_amount2, rot_axis1) # Figure out how many individual rotation matricies we need, accounting for the # fact that these can either be floats or ndarrays. n_rot = max( rot_amount1.shape[0] if isinstance(rot_amount1, np.ndarray) else 1, rot_amount2.shape[0] if isinstance(rot_amount2, np.ndarray) else 1, ) n_vec = xyz_array.shape[-1] # The promotion of values to float64 is to suppress numerical precision issues, # since the matrix math can - in limited circumstances - introduce precision errors # of order 10x the limiting numerical precision of the float. For a float32/single, # thats a part in 1e6 (~arcsec-level errors), but for a float64 it translates to # a part in 1e15. rot_matrix = np.empty((3, 3, n_rot), dtype=np.float64) # There are two permulations per pair of axes -- when the pair is right-hand # oriented vs left-hand oriented. Check here which one it is. For example, # rotating first on the x-axis, second on the y-axis is considered a # "right-handed" pair, whereas z-axis first, then y-axis would be considered # a "left-handed" pair. lhd_order = np.mod(rot_axis2 - rot_axis1, 3) != 1 temp_idx = [ np.mod(rot_axis1 - lhd_order, 3), np.mod(rot_axis1 + 1 - lhd_order, 3), np.mod(rot_axis1 + 2 - lhd_order, 3), ] # We're using lots of sin and cos calculations -- doing them once upfront saves # quite a bit of time by eliminating redundant calculations sin_lo = np.sin(rot_amount2 if lhd_order else rot_amount1, dtype=np.float64) cos_lo = np.cos(rot_amount2 if lhd_order else rot_amount1, dtype=np.float64) sin_hi = np.sin(rot_amount1 if lhd_order else rot_amount2, dtype=np.float64) cos_hi = np.cos(rot_amount1 if lhd_order else rot_amount2, dtype=np.float64) # Take care of the diagonal terms first, since they aren't actually affected by the # order of rotational opertations rot_matrix[temp_idx[0], temp_idx[0]] = cos_hi rot_matrix[temp_idx[1], temp_idx[1]] = cos_lo rot_matrix[temp_idx[2], temp_idx[2]] = cos_lo * cos_hi # Now time for the off-diagonal terms, as a set of 3 pairs. The rotation matrix # for a left-hand oriented pair of rotation axes (e.g., x-rot, then y-rot) is just # a transpose of the right-hand orientation of the same pair (e.g., y-rot, then # x-rot). rot_matrix[temp_idx[0 + lhd_order], temp_idx[1 - lhd_order]] = sin_lo * sin_hi rot_matrix[temp_idx[0 - lhd_order], temp_idx[lhd_order - 1]] = ( cos_lo * sin_hi * ((-1.0) ** lhd_order) ) rot_matrix[temp_idx[1 - lhd_order], temp_idx[0 + lhd_order]] = 0.0 rot_matrix[temp_idx[1 + lhd_order], temp_idx[2 - lhd_order]] = sin_lo * ( (-1.0) ** (1 + lhd_order) ) rot_matrix[temp_idx[lhd_order - 1], temp_idx[0 - lhd_order]] = sin_hi * ( (-1.0) ** (1 + lhd_order) ) rot_matrix[temp_idx[2 - lhd_order], temp_idx[1 + lhd_order]] = ( sin_lo * cos_hi * ((-1.0) ** (lhd_order)) ) # The rot matrix was shape (3, 3, n_rot) to help speed up filling in the elements # of each matrix, but now we want to flip it into its proper shape of (n_rot, 3, 3) rot_matrix = np.transpose(rot_matrix, axes=[2, 0, 1]) if (n_rot == 1) and (n_vec == 1) and (xyz_array.ndim == 3): # This is a special case where we allow the rotation axis to "expand" along # the 0th axis of the rot_amount arrays. For xyz_array, if n_vectors = 1 # but n_rot !=1, then it's a lot faster (by about 10x) to "switch it up" and # swap the n_vector and n_rot axes, and then swap them back once everything # else is done. return np.transpose( _rotate_matmul_wrapper( np.transpose(xyz_array, axes=[2, 1, 0]), rot_matrix, n_rot, ), axes=[2, 1, 0], ) else: return _rotate_matmul_wrapper(xyz_array, rot_matrix, n_rot) def calc_uvw( app_ra=None, app_dec=None, frame_pa=None, lst_array=None, use_ant_pos=True, uvw_array=None, antenna_positions=None, antenna_numbers=None, ant_1_array=None, ant_2_array=None, old_app_ra=None, old_app_dec=None, old_frame_pa=None, telescope_lat=None, telescope_lon=None, from_enu=False, to_enu=False, ): """ Calculate an array of baseline coordinates, in either uvw or ENU. This routine is meant as a convenience function for producing baseline coordinates based under a few different circumstances: 1) Calculating ENU coordinates using antenna positions 2) Calculating uwv coordinates at a given sky position using antenna positions 3) Converting from ENU coordinates to uvw coordinates 4) Converting from uvw coordinate to ENU coordinates 5) Converting from uvw coordinates at one sky position to another sky position Different conversion pathways have different parameters that are required. Parameters ---------- app_ra : ndarray of float Apparent RA of the target phase center, required if calculating baseline coordinates in uvw-space (vs ENU-space). Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. app_dec : ndarray of float Apparent declination of the target phase center, required if calculating baseline coordinates in uvw-space (vs ENU-space). Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. frame_pa : ndarray of float Position angle between the great circle of declination in the apparent frame versus that of the reference frame, used for making sure that "North" on the derived maps points towards a particular celestial pole (not just the topocentric one). Required if not deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions, from_enu=False, and a value for old_frame_pa is given. Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. old_app_ra : ndarray of float Apparent RA of the previous phase center, required if not deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions and from_enu=False. Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. old_app_dec : ndarray of float Apparent declination of the previous phase center, required if not deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions and from_enu=False. Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. old_frame_pa : ndarray of float Frame position angle of the previous phase center, required if not deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions, from_enu=False, and a value for frame_pa is supplied. Shape is (Nblts,), units are radians. lst_array : ndarray of float Local apparent sidereal time, required if deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions, or converting to/from ENU coordinates. Shape is (Nblts,). use_ant_pos : bool Switch to determine whether to derive uvw values from the antenna positions (if set to True), or to use the previously calculated uvw coordinates to derive new the new baseline vectors (if set to False). Default is True. uvw_array : ndarray of float Array of previous baseline coordinates (in either uvw or ENU), required if not deriving new coordinates from antenna positions. Shape is (Nblts, 3). antenna_positions : ndarray of float List of antenna positions relative to array center in ECEF coordinates, required if not providing `uvw_array`. Shape is (Nants, 3). antenna_numbers: ndarray of int List of antenna numbers, ordered in the same way as `antenna_positions` (e.g., `antenna_numbers[0]` should given the number of antenna that resides at ECEF position given by `antenna_positions[0]`). Shape is (Nants,), requred if not providing `uvw_array`. Contains all unique entires of the joint set of `ant_1_array` and `ant_2_array`. ant_1_array : ndarray of int Antenna number of the first antenna in the baseline pair, for all baselines Required if not providing `uvw_array`, shape is (Nblts,). ant_2_array : ndarray of int Antenna number of the second antenna in the baseline pair, for all baselines Required if not providing `uvw_array`, shape is (Nblts,). telescope_lat : float Latitude of the phase center, units radians, required if deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions, or converting to/from ENU coordinates. telescope_lon : float Longitude of the phase center, units radians, required if deriving baseline coordinates from antenna positions, or converting to/from ENU coordinates. from_enu : boolean Set to True if uvw_array is expressed in ENU coordinates. Default is False. to_enu : boolean Set to True if you would like the output expressed in EN coordinates. Default is False. Returns ------- new_coords : ndarray of float64 Set of baseline coordinates, shape (Nblts, 3). """ if to_enu: if lst_array is None and not use_ant_pos: raise ValueError( "Must include lst_array to calculate baselines in ENU coordinates!" ) if telescope_lat is None: raise ValueError( "Must include telescope_lat to calculate baselines " "in ENU coordinates!" ) else: if ((app_ra is None) or (app_dec is None)) and frame_pa is None: raise ValueError( "Must include both app_ra and app_dec, or frame_pa to calculate " "baselines in uvw coordinates!" ) if use_ant_pos: # Assume at this point we are dealing w/ antenna positions if antenna_positions is None: raise ValueError("Must include antenna_positions if use_ant_pos=True.") if (ant_1_array is None) or (ant_2_array is None) or (antenna_numbers is None): raise ValueError( "Must include ant_1_array, ant_2_array, and antenna_numbers " "setting use_ant_pos=True." ) if lst_array is None and not to_enu: raise ValueError( "Must include lst_array if use_ant_pos=True and not calculating " "baselines in ENU coordinates." ) if telescope_lon is None: raise ValueError("Must include telescope_lon if use_ant_pos=True.") ant_dict = {ant_num: idx for idx, ant_num in enumerate(antenna_numbers)} ant_1_index = np.array([ant_dict[idx] for idx in ant_1_array], dtype=int) ant_2_index = np.array([ant_dict[idx] for idx in ant_2_array], dtype=int) N_ants = antenna_positions.shape[0] # Use the app_ra, app_dec, and lst_array arrays to figure out how many unique # rotations are actually needed. If the ratio of Nblts to number of unique # entries is favorable, we can just rotate the antenna positions and save # outselves a bit of work. if to_enu: # If to_enu, skip all this -- there's only one unique ha + dec combo unique_mask = np.zeros(len(ant_1_index), dtype=np.bool_) unique_mask[0] = True else: unique_mask = np.append( True, ( ((lst_array[:-1] - app_ra[:-1]) != (lst_array[1:] - app_ra[1:])) | (app_dec[:-1] != app_dec[1:]) ), ) # GHA -> Hour Angle as measured at Greenwich (because antenna coords are # centered such that x-plane intersects the meridian at longitude 0). if to_enu: # Unphased coordinates appear to be stored in ENU coordinates -- that's # equivalent to calculating uvw's based on zenith. We can use that to our # advantage and spoof the gha and dec based on telescope lon and lat unique_gha = np.zeros(1) - telescope_lon unique_dec = np.zeros(1) + telescope_lat unique_pa = None else: unique_gha = (lst_array[unique_mask] - app_ra[unique_mask]) - telescope_lon unique_dec = app_dec[unique_mask] unique_pa = 0.0 if frame_pa is None else frame_pa[unique_mask] # Tranpose the ant vectors so that they are in the proper shape ant_vectors = np.transpose(antenna_positions)[np.newaxis, :, :] # Apply rotations, and then reorganize the ndarray so that you can access # individual antenna vectors quickly. ant_rot_vectors = np.reshape( np.transpose( _rotate_one_axis( _rotate_two_axis(ant_vectors, unique_gha, unique_dec, 2, 1), unique_pa, 0, ), axes=[0, 2, 1], ), (-1, 3), ) unique_mask[0] = False unique_map = np.cumsum(unique_mask) * N_ants new_coords = ( ant_rot_vectors[unique_map + ant_2_index] - ant_rot_vectors[unique_map + ant_1_index] ) else: if uvw_array is None: raise ValueError("Must include uvw_array if use_ant_pos=False.") if from_enu: if to_enu: # Well this was pointless... returning your uvws unharmed return uvw_array # Unphased coordinates appear to be stored in ENU coordinates -- that's # equivalent to calculating uvw's based on zenith. We can use that to our # advantage and spoof old_app_ra and old_app_dec based on lst_array and # telescope_lat if telescope_lat is None: raise ValueError( "Must include telescope_lat if moving between " 'ENU (i.e., "unphased") and uvw coordinates!' ) if lst_array is None: raise ValueError( 'Must include lst_array if moving between ENU (i.e., "unphased") ' "and uvw coordinates!" ) else: if (old_frame_pa is None) and not (frame_pa is None or to_enu): raise ValueError( "Must include old_frame_pa values if data are phased and " "applying new position angle values (frame_pa)." ) if ((old_app_ra is None) and not (app_ra is None or to_enu)) or ( (old_app_dec is None) and not (app_dec is None or to_enu) ): raise ValueError( "Must include old_app_ra and old_app_dec values when data are " "already phased and phasing to a new position." ) # For this operation, all we need is the delta-ha coverage, which _should_ be # entirely encapsulated by the change in RA. if (app_ra is None) and (old_app_ra is None): gha_delta_array = 0.0 else: gha_delta_array = (lst_array if from_enu else old_app_ra) - ( lst_array if to_enu else app_ra ) # Notice below there's an axis re-orientation here, to go from uvw -> XYZ, # where X is pointing in the direction of the source. This is mostly here # for convenience and code legibility -- a slightly different pair of # rotations would give you the same result w/o needing to cycle the axes. # Up front, we want to trap the corner-case where the sky position you are # phasing up to hasn't changed, just the position angle (i.e., which way is # up on the map). This is a much easier transform to handle. if np.all(gha_delta_array == 0.0) and np.all(old_app_dec == app_dec): new_coords = _rotate_one_axis( uvw_array[:, [2, 0, 1], np.newaxis], frame_pa - (0.0 if old_frame_pa is None else old_frame_pa), 0, )[:, :, 0] else: new_coords = _rotate_two_axis( _rotate_two_axis( # Yo dawg, I heard you like rotation maticies... uvw_array[:, [2, 0, 1], np.newaxis], 0.0 if (from_enu or old_frame_pa is None) else (-old_frame_pa), (-telescope_lat) if from_enu else (-old_app_dec), 0, 1, ), gha_delta_array, telescope_lat if to_enu else app_dec, 2, 1, ) # One final rotation applied here, to compensate for the fact that we want # the Dec-axis of our image (Fourier dual to the v-axis) to be aligned with # the chosen frame, if we not in ENU coordinates if not to_enu: new_coords = _rotate_one_axis(new_coords, frame_pa, 0) # Finally drop the now-vestigal last axis of the array new_coords = new_coords[:, :, 0] # There's one last task to do, which is to re-align the axes from projected # XYZ -> uvw, where X (which points towards the source) falls on the w axis, # and Y and Z fall on the u and v axes, respectively. return new_coords[:, [1, 2, 0]] def transform_sidereal_coords( lon, lat, in_coord_frame, out_coord_frame, in_coord_epoch=None, out_coord_epoch=None, time_array=None, ): """ Transform a given set of coordinates from one sidereal coordinate frame to another. Uses astropy to convert from a coordinates from sidereal frame into another. This function will support transforms from several frames, including GCRS, FK5 (i.e., J2000), FK4 (i.e., B1950), Galactic, Supergalactic, CIRS, HCRS, and a few others (basically anything that doesn't require knowing the observers location on Earth/other celestial body). Parameters ---------- lon_coord : float or ndarray of floats Logitudinal coordinate to be transformed, typically expressed as the right ascension, in units of radians. Can either be a float, or an ndarray of floats with shape (Ncoords,). Must agree with lat_coord. lat_coord : float or ndarray of floats Latitudinal coordinate to be transformed, typically expressed as the declination, in units of radians. Can either be a float, or an ndarray of floats with shape (Ncoords,). Must agree with lon_coord. in_coord_frame : string Reference frame for the provided coordinates. Expected to match a list of those supported within the astropy SkyCoord object. An incomplete list includes 'gcrs', 'fk4', 'fk5', 'galactic', 'supergalactic', 'cirs', and 'hcrs'. out_coord_frame : string Reference frame to output coordinates in. Expected to match a list of those supported within the astropy SkyCoord object. An incomplete list includes 'gcrs', 'fk4', 'fk5', 'galactic', 'supergalactic', 'cirs', and 'hcrs'. in_coord_epoch : float Epoch for the input coordinate frame. Optional parameter, only required when using either the FK4 (B1950) or FK5 (J2000) coordinate systems. Units are in fractional years. out_coord_epoch : float Epoch for the output coordinate frame. Optional parameter, only required when using either the FK4 (B1950) or FK5 (J2000) coordinate systems. Units are in fractional years. time_array : float or ndarray of floats Julian date(s) to which the coordinates correspond to, only used in frames with annular motion terms (e.g., abberation in GCRS). Can either be a float, or an ndarray of floats with shape (Ntimes,), assuming that either lat_coord and lon_coord are floats, or that Ntimes == Ncoords. Returns ------- new_lat : float or ndarray of floats Longitudinal coordinates, in units of radians. Output will be an ndarray if any inputs were, with shape (Ncoords,) or (Ntimes,), depending on inputs. new_lon : float or ndarray of floats Latidudinal coordinates, in units of radians. Output will be an ndarray if any inputs were, with shape (Ncoords,) or (Ntimes,), depending on inputs. """ lon_coord = lon * units.rad lat_coord = lat * units.rad # Check here to make sure that lat_coord and lon_coord are the same length, # either 1 or len(time_array) if lat_coord.shape != lon_coord.shape: raise ValueError("lon and lat must be the same shape.") if lon_coord.ndim == 0: lon_coord.shape += (1,) lat_coord.shape += (1,) # Check to make sure that we have a properly formatted epoch for our in-bound # coordinate frame in_epoch = None if isinstance(in_coord_epoch, str) or isinstance(in_coord_epoch, Time): # If its a string or a Time object, we don't need to do anything more in_epoch = Time(in_coord_epoch) elif in_coord_epoch is not None: if in_coord_frame.lower() in ["fk4", "fk4noeterms"]: in_epoch = Time(in_coord_epoch, format="byear") else: in_epoch = Time(in_coord_epoch, format="jyear") # Now do the same for the outbound frame out_epoch = None if isinstance(out_coord_epoch, str) or isinstance(out_coord_epoch, Time): # If its a string or a Time object, we don't need to do anything more out_epoch = Time(out_coord_epoch) elif out_coord_epoch is not None: if out_coord_frame.lower() in ["fk4", "fk4noeterms"]: out_epoch = Time(out_coord_epoch, format="byear") else: out_epoch = Time(out_coord_epoch, format="jyear") # Make sure that time array matched up with what we expect. Thanks to astropy # weirdness, time_array has to be the same length as lat/lon coords rep_time = False rep_crds = False if time_array is None: time_obj_array = None else: if isinstance(time_array, Time): time_obj_array = time_array else: time_obj_array = Time(time_array, format="jd", scale="utc") if (time_obj_array.size != 1) and (lon_coord.size != 1): if time_obj_array.shape != lon_coord.shape: raise ValueError( "Shape of time_array must be either that of " " lat_coord/lon_coord if len(time_array) > 1." ) else: rep_crds = (time_obj_array.size != 1) and (lon_coord.size == 1) rep_time = (time_obj_array.size == 1) and (lon_coord.size != 1) if rep_crds: lon_coord = np.repeat(lon_coord, len(time_array)) lat_coord = np.repeat(lat_coord, len(time_array)) if rep_time: time_obj_array = Time( np.repeat(time_obj_array.jd, len(lon_coord)), format="jd", scale="utc", ) coord_object = SkyCoord( lon_coord, lat_coord, frame=in_coord_frame, equinox=in_epoch, obstime=time_obj_array, ) # Easiest, most general way to transform to the new frame is to create a dummy # SkyCoord with all the attributes needed -- note that we particularly need this # in order to use a non-standard equinox/epoch new_coord = coord_object.transform_to( SkyCoord(0, 0, unit="rad", frame=out_coord_frame, equinox=out_epoch) ) return new_coord.spherical.lon.rad, new_coord.spherical.lat.rad def transform_icrs_to_app( time_array, ra, dec, telescope_loc, epoch=2000.0, pm_ra=None, pm_dec=None, vrad=None, dist=None, astrometry_library="erfa", ): """ Transform a set of coordinates in ICRS to topocentric/apparent coordinates. This utility uses one of three libraries (astropy, NOVAS, or ERFA) to calculate the apparent (i.e., topocentric) coordinates of a source at a given time and location, given a set of coordinates expressed in the ICRS frame. These coordinates are most typically used for defining the phase center of the array (i.e, calculating baseline vectors). As of astropy v4.2, the agreement between the three libraries is consistent down to the level of better than 1 mas, with the values produced by astropy and pyERFA consistent to bettter than 10 µas (this is not surprising, given that astropy uses pyERFA under the hood for astrometry). ERFA is the default as it outputs coordinates natively in the apparent frame (whereas NOVAS and astropy do not), as well as the fact that of the three libraries, it produces results the fastest. Parameters ---------- time_array : float or array-like of float Julian dates to calculate coordinate positions for. Can either be a single float, or an array-like of shape (Ntimes,). ra : float or array-like of float ICRS RA of the celestial target, expressed in units of radians. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (with the exception of telescope location parameters). dec : float or array-like of float ICRS Dec of the celestial target, expressed in units of radians. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (with the exception of telescope location parameters). telescope_loc : array-like of floats or EarthLocation ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the phase center of the array. Can either be provided as an astropy EarthLocation, or a tuple of shape (3,) containung (in order) the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. epoch : int or float or str or Time object Epoch of the coordinate data supplied, only used when supplying proper motion values. If supplying a number, it will assumed to be in Julian years. Default is J2000.0. pm_ra : float or array-like of float Proper motion in RA of the source, expressed in units of milliarcsec / year. Proper motion values are applied relative to the J2000 (i.e., RA/Dec ICRS values should be set to their expected values when the epoch is 2000.0). Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Note that units are in dRA/dt, not cos(Dec)*dRA/dt. Not required. pm_dec : float or array-like of float Proper motion in Dec of the source, expressed in units of milliarcsec / year. Proper motion values are applied relative to the J2000 (i.e., RA/Dec ICRS values should be set to their expected values when the epoch is 2000.0). Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required. vrad : float or array-like of float Radial velocity of the source, expressed in units of km / sec. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required. dist : float or array-like of float Distance of the source, expressed in milliarcseconds. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required. astrometry_library : str Library used for running the coordinate conversions. Allowed options are 'erfa' (which uses the pyERFA), 'novas' (which uses the python-novas library), and 'astropy' (which uses the astropy utilities). Default is erfa. Returns ------- app_ra : ndarray of floats Apparent right ascension coordinates, in units of radians, of shape (Ntimes,). app_dec : ndarray of floats Apparent declination coordinates, in units of radians, of shape (Ntimes,). """ # Make sure that the library requested is actually permitted if astrometry_library not in ["erfa", "novas", "astropy"]: raise ValueError( "Requested coordinate transformation library is not supported, please " "select either 'erfa', 'novas', or 'astropy' for astrometry_library." ) ra_coord = ra * units.rad dec_coord = dec * units.rad # Check here to make sure that ra_coord and dec_coord are the same length, # either 1 or len(time_array) multi_coord = ra_coord.size != 1 if ra_coord.shape != dec_coord.shape: raise ValueError("ra and dec must be the same shape.") pm_ra_coord = None if pm_ra is None else pm_ra * (units.mas / units.yr) pm_dec_coord = None if pm_dec is None else pm_dec * (units.mas / units.yr) d_coord = ( None if (dist is None or np.all(dist == 0.0)) else Distance(dist * units.pc) ) v_coord = None if vrad is None else vrad * (units.km / units.s) opt_list = [pm_ra_coord, pm_dec_coord, d_coord, v_coord] opt_names = ["pm_ra", "pm_dec", "dist", "vrad"] # Check the optional inputs, make sure that they're sensible for item, name in zip(opt_list, opt_names): if item is not None: if ra_coord.shape != item.shape: raise ValueError("%s must be the same shape as ra and dec." % name) if isinstance(telescope_loc, EarthLocation): site_loc = telescope_loc else: site_loc = EarthLocation.from_geodetic( telescope_loc[1] * (180.0 / np.pi), telescope_loc[0] * (180.0 / np.pi), height=telescope_loc[2], ) # Useful for both astropy and novas methods, the latter of which gives easy # access to the IERS data that we want. if isinstance(time_array, Time): time_obj_array = time_array else: time_obj_array = Time(time_array, format="jd", scale="utc") if time_obj_array.size != 1: if (time_obj_array.shape != ra_coord.shape) and multi_coord: raise ValueError( "time_array must be of either of length 1 (single " "float) or same length as ra and dec." ) elif time_obj_array.ndim == 0: # Make the array at least 1-dimensional so we don't run into indexing # issues later. time_obj_array = Time([time_obj_array]) # Check to make sure that we have a properly formatted epoch for our in-bound # coordinate frame coord_epoch = None if isinstance(epoch, str) or isinstance(epoch, Time): # If its a string or a Time object, we don't need to do anything more coord_epoch = Time(epoch) elif epoch is not None: coord_epoch = Time(epoch, format="jyear") # Note if time_array is a single element multi_time = time_obj_array.size != 1 # Get IERS data, which is needed for NOVAS and ERFA polar_motion_data = iers.earth_orientation_table.get() pm_x_array, pm_y_array = polar_motion_data.pm_xy(time_obj_array) delta_x_array, delta_y_array = polar_motion_data.dcip_xy(time_obj_array) pm_x_array = pm_x_array.to_value("arcsec") pm_y_array = pm_y_array.to_value("arcsec") delta_x_array = delta_x_array.to_value("marcsec") delta_y_array = delta_y_array.to_value("marcsec") # Catch the case where we don't have CIP delta values yet (they don't typically have # predictive values like the polar motion does) delta_x_array[np.isnan(delta_x_array)] = 0.0 delta_y_array[np.isnan(delta_y_array)] = 0.0 # If the source was instantiated w/ floats, it'll be a 0-dim object, which will # throw errors if we try to treat it as an array. Reshape to a 1D array of len 1 # so that all the calls can be uniform if ra_coord.ndim == 0: ra_coord.shape += (1,) dec_coord.shape += (1,) if pm_ra_coord is not None: pm_ra if d_coord is not None: d_coord.shape += (1,) if v_coord is not None: v_coord.shape += (1,) # If there is an epoch and a proper motion, apply that motion now if astrometry_library == "astropy": # Astropy doesn't have (oddly enough) a way of getting at the apparent RA/Dec # directly, but we can cheat this by going to AltAz, and then coverting back # to apparent RA/Dec using the telescope lat and LAST. if (epoch is not None) and (pm_ra is not None) and (pm_dec is not None): # astropy is a bit weird in how it handles proper motion, so rather than # fight with it to do it all in one step, we separate it into two: first # apply proper motion to ICRS, then transform to topocentric. sky_coord = SkyCoord( ra=ra_coord, dec=dec_coord, pm_ra_cosdec=pm_ra_coord * np.cos(dec_coord), pm_dec=pm_dec_coord, frame="icrs", ) sky_coord = sky_coord.apply_space_motion(dt=(time_obj_array - coord_epoch)) ra_coord = sky_coord.ra dec_coord = sky_coord.dec if d_coord is not None: d_coord = d_coord.repeat(ra_coord.size) if v_coord is not None: v_coord = v_coord.repeat(ra_coord.size) sky_coord = SkyCoord( ra=ra_coord, dec=dec_coord, distance=d_coord, radial_velocity=v_coord, frame="icrs", ) azel_data = sky_coord.transform_to( SkyCoord( np.zeros_like(time_obj_array) * units.rad, np.zeros_like(time_obj_array) * units.rad, location=site_loc, obstime=time_obj_array, frame="altaz", ) ) app_ha, app_dec = erfa.ae2hd( azel_data.az.rad, azel_data.alt.rad, site_loc.lat.rad, ) app_ra = np.mod( time_obj_array.sidereal_time("apparent", longitude=site_loc.lon).rad - app_ha, 2 * np.pi, ) elif astrometry_library == "novas": # Import the NOVAS library only if it's needed/available. try: from novas import compat as novas from novas.compat import eph_manager import novas_de405 # noqa except ImportError as e: # pragma: no cover raise ImportError( "novas and/or novas_de405 are not installed but is required for " "NOVAS functionality" ) from e # Call is needed to load high-precision ephem data in NOVAS jd_start, jd_end, number = eph_manager.ephem_open() # Define the obs location, which is needed to calculate diurnal abb term # and polar wobble corrections site_loc = novas.make_on_surface( site_loc.lat.deg, # latitude in deg site_loc.lon.deg, # Longitude in deg site_loc.height.to_value("m"), # Height in meters 0.0, # Temperature, set to 0 for now (no atm refrac) 0.0, # Pressure, set to 0 for now (no atm refrac) ) # NOVAS wants things in terrestial time and UT1 tt_time_array = time_obj_array.tt.jd ut1_time_array = time_obj_array.ut1.jd gast_array = time_obj_array.sidereal_time("apparent", "greenwich").rad if np.any(tt_time_array < jd_start) or np.any(tt_time_array > jd_end): raise ValueError( "No current support for JPL ephems outside of 1700 - 2300 AD. " "Check back later (or possibly earlier)..." ) app_ra = np.zeros(tt_time_array.shape) + np.zeros(ra_coord.shape) app_dec = np.zeros(tt_time_array.shape) + np.zeros(ra_coord.shape) for idx in range(len(app_ra)): if multi_coord or (idx == 0): # Create a catalog entry for the source in question cat_entry = novas.make_cat_entry( "dummy_name", # Dummy source name "GKK", # Catalog ID, fixed for now 156, # Star ID number, fixed for now ra_coord[idx].to_value("hourangle"), dec_coord[idx].to_value("deg"), 0.0 if pm_ra is None else ( pm_ra_coord.to_value("mas/yr") * np.cos(dec_coord[idx].to_value("rad")) ), 0.0 if pm_dec is None else pm_dec_coord.to_value("mas/yr"), 0.0 if (dist is None or np.any(dist == 0.0)) else (d_coord.kiloparsec ** -1.0), 0.0 if (vrad is None) else v_coord.to_value("km/s"), ) # Update polar wobble parameters for a given timestamp if multi_time or (idx == 0): gast = gast_array[idx] pm_x = pm_x_array[idx] * np.cos(gast) + pm_y_array[idx] * np.sin(gast) pm_y = pm_y_array[idx] * np.cos(gast) - pm_x_array[idx] * np.sin(gast) tt_time = tt_time_array[idx] ut1_time = ut1_time_array[idx] novas.cel_pole( tt_time, 2, delta_x_array[idx], delta_y_array[idx], ) # Calculate topocentric RA/Dec values [temp_ra, temp_dec] = novas.topo_star( tt_time, (tt_time - ut1_time) * 86400.0, cat_entry, site_loc, accuracy=0, ) xyz_array = polar2_to_cart3( temp_ra * (np.pi / 12.0), temp_dec * (np.pi / 180.0) ) xyz_array = novas.wobble(tt_time, pm_x, pm_y, xyz_array, 1) app_ra[idx], app_dec[idx] = cart3_to_polar2(np.array(xyz_array)) elif astrometry_library == "erfa": # liberfa wants things in radians pm_x_array *= np.pi / (3600.0 * 180.0) pm_y_array *= np.pi / (3600.0 * 180.0) [_, _, _, app_dec, app_ra, eqn_org] = erfa.atco13( ra_coord.to_value("rad"), dec_coord.to_value("rad"), 0.0 if (pm_ra is None) else pm_ra_coord.to_value("rad/yr"), 0.0 if (pm_dec is None) else pm_dec_coord.to_value("rad/yr"), 0.0 if (dist is None or np.any(dist == 0.0)) else (d_coord.pc ** -1.0), 0.0 if (vrad is None) else v_coord.to_value("km/s"), time_obj_array.utc.jd, 0.0, time_obj_array.delta_ut1_utc, site_loc.lon.rad, site_loc.lat.rad, site_loc.height.to_value("m"), pm_x_array, pm_y_array, 0, # ait pressure, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # amb temperature, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # rel humidity, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # wavelength, used for refraction (ignored) ) app_ra = np.mod(app_ra - eqn_org, 2 * np.pi) return app_ra, app_dec def transform_app_to_icrs( time_array, app_ra, app_dec, telescope_loc, astrometry_library="erfa", ): """ Transform a set of coordinates in topocentric/apparent to ICRS coordinates. This utility uses either astropy or erfa to calculate the ICRS coordinates of a given set of apparent source coordinates. These coordinates are most typically used for defining the celestial/catalog position of a source. Note that at present, this is only implemented in astropy and pyERFA, although it could hypothetically be extended to NOVAS at some point. Parameters ---------- time_array : float or ndarray of float Julian dates to calculate coordinate positions for. Can either be a single float, or an ndarray of shape (Ntimes,). app_ra : float or ndarray of float ICRS RA of the celestial target, expressed in units of radians. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ncoord,). Note that if time_array is not a singleton value, then Ncoord must be equal to Ntimes. app_dec : float or ndarray of float ICRS Dec of the celestial target, expressed in units of radians. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ncoord,). Note that if time_array is not a singleton value, then Ncoord must be equal to Ntimes. telescope_loc : tuple of floats or EarthLocation ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the phase center of the array. Can either be provided as an astropy EarthLocation, or a tuple of shape (3,) containung (in order) the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. Returns ------- icrs_ra : ndarray of floats ICRS right ascension coordinates, in units of radians, of either shape (Ntimes,) if Ntimes >1, otherwise (Ncoord,). icrs_dec : ndarray of floats ICRS declination coordinates, in units of radians, of either shape (Ntimes,) if Ntimes >1, otherwise (Ncoord,). """ # Make sure that the library requested is actually permitted if astrometry_library not in ["erfa", "astropy"]: raise ValueError( "Requested coordinate transformation library is not supported, please " "select either 'erfa' or 'astropy' for astrometry_library." ) ra_coord = app_ra * units.rad dec_coord = app_dec * units.rad # Check here to make sure that ra_coord and dec_coord are the same length, # either 1 or len(time_array) multi_coord = ra_coord.size != 1 if ra_coord.shape != dec_coord.shape: raise ValueError("app_ra and app_dec must be the same shape.") if isinstance(telescope_loc, EarthLocation): site_loc = telescope_loc else: site_loc = EarthLocation.from_geodetic( telescope_loc[1] * (180.0 / np.pi), telescope_loc[0] * (180.0 / np.pi), height=telescope_loc[2], ) if isinstance(time_array, Time): time_obj_array = time_array else: time_obj_array = Time(time_array, format="jd", scale="utc") if time_obj_array.size != 1: if (time_obj_array.shape != ra_coord.shape) and multi_coord: raise ValueError( "time_array must be of either of length 1 (single " "float) or same length as ra and dec." ) elif time_obj_array.ndim == 0: # Make the array at least 1-dimensional so we don't run into indexing # issues later. time_obj_array = Time([time_obj_array]) if astrometry_library == "astropy": az_coord, el_coord = erfa.hd2ae( np.mod( time_obj_array.sidereal_time("apparent", longitude=site_loc.lon).rad - ra_coord.to_value("rad"), 2 * np.pi, ), dec_coord.to_value("rad"), site_loc.lat.rad, ) sky_coord = SkyCoord( az_coord * units.rad, el_coord * units.rad, frame="altaz", location=site_loc, obstime=time_obj_array, ) coord_data = sky_coord.transform_to("icrs") icrs_ra = coord_data.ra.rad icrs_dec = coord_data.dec.rad elif astrometry_library == "erfa": # Get IERS data, which is needed for highest precision polar_motion_data = iers.earth_orientation_table.get() pm_x_array, pm_y_array = polar_motion_data.pm_xy(time_obj_array) pm_x_array = pm_x_array.to_value("rad") pm_y_array = pm_y_array.to_value("rad") bpn_matrix = erfa.pnm06a(time_obj_array.tt.jd, 0.0) cip_x, cip_y = erfa.bpn2xy(bpn_matrix) cio_s = erfa.s06(time_obj_array.tt.jd, 0.0, cip_x, cip_y) eqn_org = erfa.eors(bpn_matrix, cio_s) # Observed to ICRS via ERFA icrs_ra, icrs_dec = erfa.atoc13( "r", ra_coord.to_value("rad") + eqn_org, dec_coord.to_value("rad"), time_obj_array.utc.jd, 0.0, # Second half of the UT date, not needed time_obj_array.delta_ut1_utc, site_loc.lon.rad, site_loc.lat.rad, site_loc.height.value, pm_x_array, pm_y_array, 0, # ait pressure, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # amb temperature, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # rel humidity, used for refraction (ignored) 0, # wavelength, used for refraction (ignored) ) # Return back the two RA/Dec arrays return icrs_ra, icrs_dec def calc_parallactic_angle( app_ra, app_dec, lst_array, telescope_lat, ): """ Calculate the parallactic angle between RA/Dec and the AltAz frame. Parameters ---------- app_ra : ndarray of floats Array of apparent RA values in units of radians, shape (Ntimes,). app_dec : ndarray of floats Array of apparent dec values in units of radians, shape (Ntimes,). telescope_lat : float Latitude of the observatory, in units of radians. lst_array : float or ndarray of float Array of local apparent sidereal timesto calculate position angle values for, in units of radians. Can either be a single float or an array of shape (Ntimes,). """ # This is just a simple wrapped around the pas function in ERFA return erfa.pas(app_ra, app_dec, lst_array, telescope_lat) def calc_frame_pos_angle( time_array, app_ra, app_dec, telescope_loc, ref_frame, ref_epoch=None, offset_pos=(np.pi / 360.0), ): """ Calculate an position angle given apparent position and reference frame. This function is used to determine the position angle between the great circle of declination in apparent coordinates, versus that in a given reference frame. Note that this is slightly different than parallactic angle, which is the difference between apparent declination and elevation. Paramters --------- time_array : float or ndarray of floats Array of julian dates to calculate position angle values for, of shape (Ntimes,). app_ra : ndarray of floats Array of apparent RA values in units of radians, shape (Ntimes,). app_dec : ndarray of floats Array of apparent dec values in units of radians, shape (Ntimes,). telescope_loc : tuple of floats or EarthLocation ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the observer. Can either be provided as an astropy EarthLocation, or an array-like of shape (3,) containing the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in that order, with units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. offset_pos : float Distance of the offset position used to calculate the frame PA. Default is 0.5 degrees, which should be sufficent for most applications. ref_frame : str Coordinate frame to calculate position angles for. Can be any of the several supported frames in astropy (a limited list: fk4, fk5, icrs, gcrs, cirs, galactic). ref_epoch : str or flt Epoch of the coordinates, only used when ref_frame = fk4 or fk5. Given in unites of fractional years, either as a float or as a string with the epoch abbreviation (e.g, Julian epoch 2000.0 would be J2000.0). Returns ------- frame_pa : ndarray of floats Array of position angles, in units of radians. """ # Check to see if the position angles should default to zero if (ref_frame is None) or (ref_frame == "topo"): # No-op detected, ENGAGE MAXIMUM SNARK! return np.zeros_like(time_array) # This creates an array of unique entries of ra + dec + time, since the processing # time for each element can be non-negligible, and entries along the Nblt axis can # be highly redundant. unique_mask = np.union1d( np.union1d( np.unique(app_ra, return_index=True)[1], np.unique(app_dec, return_index=True)[1], ), np.unique(time_array, return_index=True)[1], ) # Pluck out the unique entries for each unique_ra = app_ra[unique_mask] unique_dec = app_dec[unique_mask] unique_time = time_array[unique_mask] # Figure out how many elements we need to transform n_coord = len(unique_mask) # Offset north/south positions by 0.5 deg, such that the PA is determined over a # 1 deg arc. up_dec = unique_dec + (np.pi / 360.0) dn_dec = unique_dec - (np.pi / 360.0) up_ra = dn_ra = unique_ra # Wrap the positions if they happen to go over the poles up_ra[up_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] = np.mod( up_ra[up_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] + np.pi, 2.0 * np.pi ) up_dec[up_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] = np.pi - up_dec[up_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] dn_ra[-dn_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] = np.mod( dn_ra[dn_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] + np.pi, 2.0 * np.pi ) dn_dec[-dn_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] = np.pi - dn_dec[-dn_dec > (np.pi / 2.0)] # Run the set of offset coordinates through the "reverse" transform. The two offset # positions are concat'd together to help reduce overheads ref_ra, ref_dec = calc_sidereal_coords( np.tile(unique_time, 2), np.concatenate((dn_ra, up_ra)), np.concatenate((dn_dec, up_dec)), telescope_loc, ref_frame, coord_epoch=ref_epoch, ) # Use the pas function from ERFA to calculate the position angle. The negative sign # is here because we're measuring PA of app -> frame, but we want frame -> app. unique_pa = -erfa.pas( ref_ra[:n_coord], ref_dec[:n_coord], ref_ra[n_coord:], ref_dec[n_coord:] ) # Finally, we have to go back through and "fill in" the redundant entries frame_pa = np.zeros_like(app_ra) for idx in range(n_coord): select_mask = np.logical_and( np.logical_and(unique_ra[idx] == app_ra, unique_dec[idx] == app_dec,), unique_time[idx] == time_array, ) frame_pa[select_mask] = unique_pa[idx] return frame_pa def lookup_jplhorizons( target_name, time_array, telescope_loc=None, high_cadence=False, force_indv_lookup=None, ): """ Lookup solar system body coordinates via the JPL-Horizons service. This utility is useful for generating ephemerides, which can then be interpolated in order to provide positional data for a target which is moving, such as planetary bodies and other solar system objects. Use of this function requires the installation of the `astroquery` module. Parameters ---------- target_name : str Name of the target to gather an ephemeris for. Must match the name in the JPL-Horizons database. time_array : array-like of float Times in UTC Julian days to gather an ephemeris for. telescope_loc : array-like of float ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the observer. Must be an array-like of shape (3,) containing the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in that order, with units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. high_cadence : bool If set to True, will calculate ephemeris points every 3 minutes in time, as opposed to the default of every 3 hours. force_indv_lookup : bool If set to True, will calculate coordinate values for each value found within `time_array`. If False, a regularized time grid is sampled that encloses the values contained within `time_array`. Default is False, unless `time_array` is of length 1, in which the default is set to True. Returns ------- ephem_times : ndarray of float Times for which the ephemeris values were calculated, in UTC Julian days. ephem_ra : ndarray of float ICRS Right ascension of the target at the values within `ephem_times`, in units of radians. ephem_dec : ndarray of float ICRS Declination of the target at the values within `ephem_times`, in units of radians. ephem_dist : ndarray of float Distance of the target relative to the observer, at the values within `ephem_times`, in units of parsecs. ephem_vel : ndarray of float Velocity of the targets relative to the observer, at the values within `ephem_times`, in units of km/sec. """ try: from astroquery.jplhorizons import Horizons except ImportError as err: # pragma: no cover raise ImportError( "astroquery is not installed but is required for " "planet ephemeris functionality" ) from err from pyuvdata.data import DATA_PATH from os.path import join as path_join from json import load as json_load # Get the telescope location into a format that JPL-Horizons can understand, # which is nominally a dict w/ entries for lon (units of deg), lat (units of # deg), and elevation (units of km). if isinstance(telescope_loc, EarthLocation): site_loc = { "lon": telescope_loc.lon.deg, "lat": telescope_loc.lat.deg, "elevation": telescope_loc.height.to_value(unit=units.km), } elif telescope_loc is None: # Setting to None will report the geocentric position site_loc = None else: site_loc = { "lon": telescope_loc[1] * (180.0 / np.pi), "lat": telescope_loc[0] * (180.0 / np.pi), "elevation": telescope_loc[2] * (0.001), # m -> km } # If force_indv_lookup is True, or unset but only providing a single value, then # just calculate the RA/Dec for the times requested rather than creating a table # to interpolate from. if force_indv_lookup or ( (np.array(time_array).size == 1) and (force_indv_lookup is None) ): epoch_list = np.unique(time_array) if len(epoch_list) > 50: raise ValueError( "Requesting too many individual ephem points from JPL-Horizons. This " "can be remedied by setting force_indv_lookup=False or limiting the " "number of values in time_array." ) else: # When querying for multiple times, its faster (and kinder to the # good folks at JPL) to create a range to query, and then interpolate # between values. The extra buffer of 0.001 or 0.25 days for high and # low cadence is to give enough data points to allow for spline # interpolation of the data. if high_cadence: start_time = np.min(time_array) - 0.001 stop_time = np.max(time_array) + 0.001 step_time = "3m" n_entries = (stop_time - start_time) * (1440.0 / 3.0) else: # The start/stop time here are setup to maximize reusability of the # data, since astroquery appears to cache the results from previous # queries. start_time = (0.25 * np.floor(4.0 * np.min(time_array))) - 0.25 stop_time = (0.25 * np.ceil(4.0 * np.max(time_array))) + 0.25 step_time = "3h" n_entries = (stop_time - start_time) * (24.0 / 3.0) # We don't want to overtax the JPL service, so limit ourselves to 1000 # individual queries at a time. Note that this is likely a conservative # cap for JPL-Horizons, but there should be exceptionally few applications # that actually require more than this. if n_entries > 1000: if (len(np.unique(time_array)) <= 50) and (force_indv_lookup is None): # If we have a _very_ sparse set of epochs, pass that along instead epoch_list = np.unique(time_array) else: # Otherwise, time to raise an error raise ValueError( "Too many ephem points requested from JPL-Horizons. This " "can be remedied by setting high_cadance=False or limiting " "the number of values in time_array." ) else: epoch_list = { "start": Time(start_time, format="jd").isot, "stop": Time(stop_time, format="jd").isot, "step": step_time, } # Check to make sure dates are within the 1700-2200 time range, # since not all targets are supported outside of this range if (np.min(time_array) < 2341973.0) or (np.max(time_array) > 2524593.0): raise ValueError( "No current support for JPL ephems outside of 1700 - 2300 AD. " "Check back later (or possibly earlier)..." ) # JPL-Horizons has a separate catalog with what it calls 'major bodies', # and will throw an error if you use the wrong catalog when calling for # astrometry. We'll use the dict below to capture this behavior. with open(path_join(DATA_PATH, "jpl_major_bodies.json"), "r") as fhandle: major_body_dict = json_load(fhandle) target_id = target_name id_type = "smallbody" # If we find the target in the major body database, then we can extract the # target ID to make the query a bit more robust (otherwise JPL-Horizons will fail # on account that id will find multiple partial matches: e.g., "Mars" will be # matched with "Mars", "Mars Explorer", "Mars Barycenter"..., and JPL-Horizons will # not know which to choose). if target_name in major_body_dict.keys(): target_id = major_body_dict[target_name] id_type = "majorbody" query_obj = Horizons( id=target_id, location=site_loc, epochs=epoch_list, id_type=id_type, ) # If not in the major bodies catalog, try the minor bodies list, and if # still not found, throw an error. try: ephem_data = query_obj.ephemerides(extra_precision=True) except ValueError as err: query_obj._session.close() raise ValueError( "Target ID is not recognized in either the small or major bodies " "catalogs, please consult the JPL-Horizons database for supported " "targets (https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons)." ) from err # This is explicitly closed here to trap a bug that occassionally throws an # unexpected warning, see astroquery issue #1807 query_obj._session.close() # Now that we have the ephem data, extract out the relevant data ephem_times = np.array(ephem_data["datetime_jd"]) ephem_ra = np.array(ephem_data["RA"]) * (np.pi / 180.0) ephem_dec = np.array(ephem_data["DEC"]) * (np.pi / 180.0) ephem_dist = np.array(ephem_data["delta"]) # AU ephem_vel = np.array(ephem_data["delta_rate"]) # km/s return ephem_times, ephem_ra, ephem_dec, ephem_dist, ephem_vel def interpolate_ephem( time_array, ephem_times, ephem_ra, ephem_dec, ephem_dist=None, ephem_vel=None, ): """ Interpolates ephemerides to give positions for requested times. This is a simple tool for calculated interpolated RA and Dec positions, as well as distances and velocities, for a given ephemeris. Under the hood, the method uses as cubic spline interpolation to calculate values at the requested times, provided that there are enough values to interpolate over to do so (requires >= 4 points), otherwise a linear interpolation is used. Parameters ---------- time_array : array-like of floats Times to interpolate positions for, in UTC Julian days. ephem_times : array-like of floats Times in UTC Julian days which describe that match to the recorded postions of the target. Must be array-like, of shape (Npts,), where Npts is the number of ephemeris points. ephem_ra : array-like of floats Right ascencion of the target, at the times given in `ephem_times`. Units are in radians, must have the same shape as `ephem_times`. ephem_dec : array-like of floats Declination of the target, at the times given in `ephem_times`. Units are in radians, must have the same shape as `ephem_times`. ephem_dist : array-like of floats Distance of the target from the observer, at the times given in `ephem_times`. Optional argument, in units of parsecs. Must have the same shape as `ephem_times`. ephem_vel : array-like of floats Velocities of the target, at the times given in `ephem_times`. Optional argument, in units of km/sec. Must have the same shape as `ephem_times`. Returns ------- ra_vals : ndarray of float Interpolated RA values, returned as an ndarray of floats with units of radians, and the same shape as `time_array`. dec_vals : ndarray of float Interpolated declination values, returned as an ndarray of floats with units of radians, and the same shape as `time_array`. dist_vals : None or ndarray of float If `ephem_dist` was provided, an ndarray of floats (with same shape as `time_array`) with the interpolated target distances, in units of parsecs. If `ephem_dist` was not provided, this returns as None. vel_vals : None or ndarray of float If `ephem_vals` was provided, an ndarray of floats (with same shape as `time_array`) with the interpolated target velocities, in units of km/sec. If `ephem_vals` was not provided, this returns as None. """ # We're importing this here since it's only used for this one function from scipy.interpolate import interp1d ephem_shape = np.array(ephem_times).shape # Make sure that things look reasonable if np.array(ephem_ra).shape != ephem_shape: raise ValueError("ephem_ra must have the same shape as ephem_times.") if np.array(ephem_dec).shape != ephem_shape: raise ValueError("ephem_dec must have the same shape as ephem_times.") if (np.array(ephem_dist).shape != ephem_shape) and (ephem_dist is not None): raise ValueError("ephem_dist must have the same shape as ephem_times.") if (np.array(ephem_vel).shape != ephem_shape) and (ephem_vel is not None): raise ValueError("ephem_vel must have the same shape as ephem_times.") ra_vals = np.zeros_like(time_array, dtype=float) dec_vals = np.zeros_like(time_array, dtype=float) dist_vals = None if ephem_dist is None else np.zeros_like(time_array, dtype=float) vel_vals = None if ephem_vel is None else np.zeros_like(time_array, dtype=float) if len(ephem_times) == 1: ra_vals += ephem_ra dec_vals += ephem_dec if ephem_dist is not None: dist_vals += ephem_dist if ephem_vel is not None: vel_vals += ephem_vel else: if len(ephem_times) > 3: interp_kind = "cubic" else: interp_kind = "linear" # If we have values that line up perfectly, just use those directly select_mask = np.isin(time_array, ephem_times) if np.any(select_mask): time_select = time_array[select_mask] ra_vals[select_mask] = interp1d(ephem_times, ephem_ra, kind="nearest")( time_select ) dec_vals[select_mask] = interp1d(ephem_times, ephem_dec, kind="nearest")( time_select ) if ephem_dist is not None: dist_vals[select_mask] = interp1d( ephem_times, ephem_dist, kind="nearest" )(time_select) if ephem_vel is not None: vel_vals[select_mask] = interp1d( ephem_times, ephem_vel, kind="nearest" )(time_select) # If we have values lining up between grid points, use spline interpolation # to calculate their values select_mask = ~select_mask if np.any(select_mask): time_select = time_array[select_mask] ra_vals[select_mask] = interp1d(ephem_times, ephem_ra, kind=interp_kind)( time_select ) dec_vals[select_mask] = interp1d(ephem_times, ephem_dec, kind=interp_kind)( time_select ) if ephem_dist is not None: dist_vals[select_mask] = interp1d( ephem_times, ephem_dist, kind=interp_kind )(time_select) if ephem_vel is not None: vel_vals[select_mask] = interp1d( ephem_times, ephem_vel, kind=interp_kind )(time_select) return (ra_vals, dec_vals, dist_vals, vel_vals) def calc_app_coords( lon_coord, lat_coord, coord_frame="icrs", coord_epoch=None, coord_times=None, coord_type="sidereal", time_array=None, lst_array=None, telescope_loc=None, pm_ra=None, pm_dec=None, vrad=None, dist=None, ): """ Calculate apparent coordinates for several different coordinate types. This function calculates apparent positions at the current epoch. Parameters ---------- lon_coord : float or ndarray of float Longitudinal (e.g., RA) coordinates, units of radians. Must match the same shape as lat_coord. lat_coord : float or ndarray of float Latitudinal (e.g., Dec) coordinates, units of radians. Must match the same shape as lon_coord. coord_frame : string The requested reference frame for the output coordinates, can be any frame that is presently supported by astropy. coord_epoch : float or str or Time object Epoch for ref_frame, nominally only used if converting to either the FK4 or FK5 frames, in units of fractional years. If provided as a float and the coord_frame is an FK4-variant, value will assumed to be given in Besselian years (i.e., 1950 would be 'B1950'), otherwise the year is assumed to be in Julian years. coord_times : float or ndarray of float Only used when `coord_type="ephem"`, the JD UTC time for each value of `lon_coord` and `lat_coord`. These values are used to interpolate `lon_coord` and `lat_coord` values to those times listed in `time_array`. coord_type : str coord_type : str Type of source to calculate coordinates for. Must be one of: "sidereal" (fixed RA/Dec), "ephem" (RA/Dec that moves with time), "driftscan" (fixed az/el position), "unphased" (alias for "driftscan" with (Az, Alt) = (0 deg, 90 deg)). time_array : float or ndarray of float or Time object Times for which the apparent coordinates were calculated, in UTC JD. If more than a single element, must be the same shape as lon_coord and lat_coord if both of those are arrays (instead of single floats). telescope_loc : array-like of floats or EarthLocation ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the phase center of the array. Can either be provided as an astropy EarthLocation, or a tuple of shape (3,) containung (in order) the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. coord_frame : string The requested reference frame for the output coordinates, can be any frame that is presently supported by astropy. Default is ICRS. coord_epoch : float or str or Time object Epoch for ref_frame, nominally only used if converting to either the FK4 or FK5 frames, in units of fractional years. If provided as a float and the ref_frame is an FK4-variant, value will assumed to be given in Besselian years (i.e., 1950 would be 'B1950'), otherwise the year is assumed to be in Julian years. pm_ra : float or ndarray of float Proper motion in RA of the source, expressed in units of milliarcsec / year. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required, motion is calculated relative to the value of `coord_epoch`. pm_dec : float or ndarray of float Proper motion in Dec of the source, expressed in units of milliarcsec / year. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required, motion is calculated relative to the value of `coord_epoch`. vrad : float or ndarray of float Radial velocity of the source, expressed in units of km / sec. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required. dist : float or ndarray of float Distance of the source, expressed in milliarcseconds. Can either be a single float or array of shape (Ntimes,), although this must be consistent with other parameters (namely ra_coord and dec_coord). Not required. Returns ------- app_ra : ndarray of floats Apparent right ascension coordinates, in units of radians. app_dec : ndarray of floats Apparent declination coordinates, in units of radians. """ if isinstance(telescope_loc, EarthLocation): site_loc = telescope_loc else: site_loc = EarthLocation.from_geodetic( telescope_loc[1] * (180.0 / np.pi), telescope_loc[0] * (180.0 / np.pi), height=telescope_loc[2], ) # Time objects and unique don't seem to play well together, so we break apart # their handling here if isinstance(time_array, Time): unique_time_array, unique_mask = np.unique(time_array.utc.jd, return_index=True) else: unique_time_array, unique_mask = np.unique(time_array, return_index=True) if coord_type in ["driftscan", "unphased"]: if lst_array is None: unique_lst = get_lst_for_time( unique_time_array, site_loc.lat.deg, site_loc.lon.deg, site_loc.height.to_value("m"), ) else: unique_lst = lst_array[unique_mask] if coord_type == "sidereal": # If the coordinates are not in the ICRS frame, go ahead and transform them now if coord_frame != "icrs": icrs_ra, icrs_dec = transform_sidereal_coords( lon_coord, lat_coord, coord_frame, "icrs", in_coord_epoch=coord_epoch, time_array=unique_time_array, ) else: icrs_ra = lon_coord icrs_dec = lat_coord unique_app_ra, unique_app_dec = transform_icrs_to_app( unique_time_array, icrs_ra, icrs_dec, site_loc, pm_ra=pm_ra, pm_dec=pm_dec, vrad=vrad, dist=dist, ) elif coord_type == "driftscan": # Use the ERFA function ae2hd, which will do all the heavy # lifting for us unique_app_ha, unique_app_dec = erfa.ae2hd( lon_coord, lat_coord, site_loc.lat.rad ) # The above returns HA/Dec, so we just need to rotate by # the LST to get back app RA and Dec unique_app_ra = np.mod(unique_app_ha + unique_lst, 2 * np.pi) unique_app_dec = unique_app_dec + np.zeros_like(unique_app_ra) elif coord_type == "ephem": interp_ra, interp_dec, _, _ = interpolate_ephem( unique_time_array, coord_times, lon_coord, lat_coord, ) if coord_frame != "icrs": icrs_ra, icrs_dec = transform_sidereal_coords( interp_ra, interp_dec, coord_frame, "icrs", in_coord_epoch=coord_epoch, time_array=unique_time_array, ) else: icrs_ra = interp_ra icrs_dec = interp_dec # TODO: Vel and distance handling to be integrated here, once they are are # needed for velocity frame tracking unique_app_ra, unique_app_dec = transform_icrs_to_app( unique_time_array, icrs_ra, icrs_dec, site_loc, pm_ra=pm_ra, pm_dec=pm_dec, ) elif coord_type == "unphased": # This is the easiest one - this is just supposed to be ENU, so set the # apparent coords to the current lst and telescope_lon. unique_app_ra = unique_lst.copy() unique_app_dec = np.zeros_like(unique_app_ra) + site_loc.lat.rad else: raise ValueError("Object type %s is not recognized." % coord_type) # Now that we've calculated all the unique values, time to backfill through the # "redundant" entries in the Nblt axis. app_ra = np.zeros(np.array(time_array).shape) app_dec = np.zeros(np.array(time_array).shape) # Need this promotion in order to match entries if isinstance(time_array, Time): unique_time_array = Time(unique_time_array, format="jd", scale="utc") for idx, unique_time in enumerate(unique_time_array): select_mask = time_array == unique_time app_ra[select_mask] = unique_app_ra[idx] app_dec[select_mask] = unique_app_dec[idx] return app_ra, app_dec def calc_sidereal_coords( time_array, app_ra, app_dec, telescope_loc, coord_frame, coord_epoch=None, ): """ Calculate sidereal coordinates given apparent coordinates. This function calculates coordinates in the requested frame (at a given epoch) from a set of apparent coordinates. Parameters ---------- time_array : float or ndarray of float or Time object Times for which the apparent coordinates were calculated, in UTC JD. Must match the shape of app_ra and app_dec. app_ra : float or ndarray of float Array of apparent right ascension coordinates, units of radians. Must match the shape of time_array and app_dec. app_ra : float or ndarray of float Array of apparent right declination coordinates, units of radians. Must match the shape of time_array and app_dec. telescope_loc : tuple of floats or EarthLocation ITRF latitude, longitude, and altitude (rel to sea-level) of the phase center of the array. Can either be provided as an astropy EarthLocation, or a tuple of shape (3,) containung (in order) the latitude, longitude, and altitude, in units of radians, radians, and meters, respectively. coord_frame : string The requested reference frame for the output coordinates, can be any frame that is presently supported by astropy. Default is ICRS. coord_epoch : float or str or Time object Epoch for ref_frame, nominally only used if converting to either the FK4 or FK5 frames, in units of fractional years. If provided as a float and the ref_frame is an FK4-variant, value will assumed to be given in Besselian years (i.e., 1950 would be 'B1950'), otherwise the year is assumed to be in Julian years. Returns ------- ref_ra : ndarray of floats Right ascension coordinates in the requested frame, in units of radians. Either shape (Ntimes,) if Ntimes >1, otherwise (Ncoord,). ref_dec : ndarray of floats Declination coordinates in the requested frame, in units of radians. Either shape (Ntimes,) if Ntimes >1, otherwise (Ncoord,). """ # Check to make sure that we have a properly formatted epoch for our in-bound # coordinate frame epoch = None if isinstance(coord_epoch, str) or isinstance(coord_epoch, Time): # If its a string or a Time object, we don't need to do anything more epoch = Time(coord_epoch) elif coord_epoch is not None: if coord_frame.lower() in ["fk4", "fk4noeterms"]: epoch = Time(coord_epoch, format="byear") else: epoch = Time(coord_epoch, format="jyear") icrs_ra, icrs_dec = transform_app_to_icrs( time_array, app_ra, app_dec, telescope_loc ) if coord_frame == "icrs": ref_ra, ref_dec = (icrs_ra, icrs_dec) else: ref_ra, ref_dec = transform_sidereal_coords( icrs_ra, icrs_dec, "icrs", coord_frame, out_coord_epoch=epoch, time_array=time_array, ) return ref_ra, ref_dec
[docs]def get_lst_for_time( jd_array, latitude, longitude, altitude, astrometry_library="erfa" ): """ Get the local apparent sidereal time for a set of jd times at an earth location. This function calculates the local apparent sidereal time (LAST), given a UTC time and a position on the Earth, using either the astropy or NOVAS libraries. It is important to note that there is an apporoximate 20 microsecond difference between the two methods, presumably due to small differences in the apparent reference frame. These differences will cancel out when calculating coordinates in the TOPO frame, so long as apparent coordinates are calculated using the same library (i.e., astropy or NOVAS). Failing to do so can introduce errors up to ~1 mas in the horizontal coordinate system (i.e., AltAz). Parameters ---------- jd_array : ndarray of float JD times to get lsts for. latitude : float Latitude of location to get lst for in degrees. longitude : float Longitude of location to get lst for in degrees. altitude : float Altitude of location to get lst for in meters. astrometry_library : str Library used for running the LST calculations. Allowed options are 'erfa' (which uses the pyERFA), 'novas' (which uses the python-novas library), and 'astropy' (which uses the astropy utilities). Default is erfa. Returns ------- ndarray of float LASTs in radians corresponding to the jd_array. """ if isinstance(jd_array, np.ndarray): lst_array = np.zeros_like(jd_array) else: lst_array = np.zeros(1) jd, reverse_inds = np.unique(jd_array, return_inverse=True) times = Time( jd, format="jd", scale="utc", location=(Angle(longitude, unit="deg"), Angle(latitude, unit="deg"), altitude), ) if iers.conf.auto_max_age is None: # pragma: no cover delta, status = times.get_delta_ut1_utc(return_status=True) if np.any( np.isin(status, (iers.TIME_BEFORE_IERS_RANGE, iers.TIME_BEYOND_IERS_RANGE)) ): warnings.warn( "time is out of IERS range, setting delta ut1 utc to " "extrapolated value" ) times.delta_ut1_utc = delta if astrometry_library == "erfa": # This appears to be what astropy is using under the hood, # so it _should_ be totally consistent. gast_array = erfa.gst06a(times.ut1.jd, 0.0, times.tt.jd, 0.0) lst_array = np.mod(gast_array + (longitude * (np.pi / 180.0)), 2.0 * np.pi)[ reverse_inds ] elif astrometry_library == "astropy": lst_array = times.sidereal_time("apparent").radian[reverse_inds] elif astrometry_library == "novas": # Import the NOVAS library only if it's needed/available. try: from novas import compat as novas from novas.compat import eph_manager import novas_de405 # noqa except ImportError as e: # pragma: no cover raise ImportError( "novas and/or novas_de405 are not installed but is required for " "NOVAS functionality" ) from e jd_start, jd_end, number = eph_manager.ephem_open() tt_time_array = times.tt.value ut1_time_array = times.ut1.value polar_motion_data = iers.earth_orientation_table.get() delta_x_array = np.interp( times.mjd, polar_motion_data["MJD"].value, polar_motion_data["dX_2000A_B"].value, left=0.0, right=0.0, ) delta_y_array = np.interp( times.mjd, polar_motion_data["MJD"].value, polar_motion_data["dY_2000A_B"].value, left=0.0, right=0.0, ) # Catch the case where we don't have CIP delta values yet (they don't typically # have predictive values like the polar motion does) delta_x_array[np.isnan(delta_x_array)] = 0.0 delta_y_array[np.isnan(delta_y_array)] = 0.0 for idx in range(len(times)): novas.cel_pole( tt_time_array[idx], 2, delta_x_array[idx], delta_y_array[idx] ) # The NOVAS routine will return Greenwich Apparent Sidereal Time (GAST), # in units of hours lst_array[reverse_inds == idx] = novas.sidereal_time( ut1_time_array[idx], 0.0, (tt_time_array[idx] - ut1_time_array[idx]) * 86400.0, ) # Add the telescope lon to convert from GAST to LAST (local) lst_array = np.mod(lst_array + (longitude / 15.0), 24.0) # Convert from hours back to rad lst_array *= np.pi / 12.0 return lst_array
def _adj_list(vecs, tol, n_blocks=None): """Identify neighbors of each vec in vecs, to distance tol.""" n_items = len(vecs) max_items = 2 ** 10 # Max array size used is max_items**2. Avoid using > 1 GiB if n_blocks is None: n_blocks = max(n_items // max_items, 1) # We may sort blocks so that some pairs of blocks may be skipped. # Reorder vectors by x. order = np.argsort(vecs[:, 0]) blocks = np.array_split(order, n_blocks) adj = [{k} for k in range(n_items)] # Adjacency lists for b1 in blocks: for b2 in blocks: v1, v2 = vecs[b1], vecs[b2] # Check for no overlap, with tolerance. xmin1 = v1[0, 0] - tol xmax1 = v1[-1, 0] + tol xmin2 = v2[0, 0] - tol xmax2 = v2[-1, 0] + tol if max(xmin1, xmin2) > min(xmax1, xmax2): continue adj_mat = cdist(vecs[b1], vecs[b2]) < tol for bi, col in enumerate(adj_mat): adj[b1[bi]] = adj[b1[bi]].union(b2[col]) return [frozenset(g) for g in adj] def _find_cliques(adj, strict=False): n_items = len(adj) loc_gps = [] visited = np.zeros(n_items, dtype=bool) for k in range(n_items): if visited[k]: continue a0 = adj[k] visited[k] = True if all(adj[it].__hash__() == a0.__hash__() for it in a0): group = list(a0) group.sort() visited[list(a0)] = True loc_gps.append(group) # Require all adjacency lists to be isolated maximal cliques: if strict: if not all(sorted(st) in loc_gps for st in adj): raise ValueError("Non-isolated cliques found in graph.") return loc_gps def find_clusters(location_ids, location_vectors, tol, strict=False): """ Find clusters of vectors (e.g. redundant baselines, times). Parameters ---------- location_ids : array_like of int ID labels for locations. location_vectors : array_like of float location vectors, can be multidimensional tol : float tolerance for clusters strict : bool Require that all adjacency lists be isolated maximal cliques. This ensures that vectors do not fall into multiple clusters. Default: False Returns ------- list of list of location_ids """ location_vectors = np.asarray(location_vectors) location_ids = np.asarray(location_ids) if location_vectors.ndim == 1: location_vectors = location_vectors[:, np.newaxis] adj = _adj_list(location_vectors, tol) # adj = list of sets loc_gps = _find_cliques(adj, strict=strict) loc_gps = [np.sort(location_ids[gp]).tolist() for gp in loc_gps] return loc_gps
[docs]def get_baseline_redundancies(baselines, baseline_vecs, tol=1.0, with_conjugates=False): """ Find redundant baseline groups. Parameters ---------- baselines : array_like of int Baseline numbers, shape (Nbls,) baseline_vecs : array_like of float Baseline vectors in meters, shape (Nbls, 3) tol : float Absolute tolerance of redundancy, in meters. with_conjugates : bool Option to include baselines that are redundant when flipped. Returns ------- baseline_groups : list of lists of int list of lists of redundant baseline numbers vec_bin_centers : list of array_like of float List of vectors describing redundant group centers lengths : list of float List of redundant group baseline lengths in meters baseline_ind_conj : list of int List of baselines that are redundant when reversed. Only returned if with_conjugates is True """ Nbls = baselines.shape[0] if not baseline_vecs.shape == (Nbls, 3): raise ValueError("Baseline vectors must be shape (Nbls, 3)") baseline_vecs = copy.copy(baseline_vecs) # Protect the vectors passed in. if with_conjugates: conjugates = [] for bv in baseline_vecs: uneg = bv[0] < -tol uzer = np.isclose(bv[0], 0.0, atol=tol) vneg = bv[1] < -tol vzer = np.isclose(bv[1], 0.0, atol=tol) wneg = bv[2] < -tol conjugates.append(uneg or (uzer and vneg) or (uzer and vzer and wneg)) conjugates = np.array(conjugates, dtype=bool) baseline_vecs[conjugates] *= -1 baseline_ind_conj = baselines[conjugates] bl_gps, vec_bin_centers, lens = get_baseline_redundancies( baselines, baseline_vecs, tol=tol, with_conjugates=False ) return bl_gps, vec_bin_centers, lens, baseline_ind_conj try: bl_gps = find_clusters(baselines, baseline_vecs, tol, strict=True) except ValueError as exc: raise ValueError( "Some baselines are falling into multiple" " redundant groups. Lower the tolerance to resolve ambiguity." ) from exc n_unique = len(bl_gps) vec_bin_centers = np.zeros((n_unique, 3)) for gi, gp in enumerate(bl_gps): inds = [np.where(i == baselines)[0] for i in gp] vec_bin_centers[gi] = np.mean(baseline_vecs[inds, :], axis=0) lens = np.sqrt(np.sum(vec_bin_centers ** 2, axis=1)) return bl_gps, vec_bin_centers, lens
[docs]def get_antenna_redundancies( antenna_numbers, antenna_positions, tol=1.0, include_autos=False ): """ Find redundant baseline groups based on antenna positions. Parameters ---------- antenna_numbers : array_like of int Antenna numbers, shape (Nants,). antenna_positions : array_like of float Antenna position vectors in the ENU (topocentric) frame in meters, shape (Nants, 3). tol : float Redundancy tolerance in meters. include_autos : bool Option to include autocorrelations. Returns ------- baseline_groups : list of lists of int list of lists of redundant baseline numbers vec_bin_centers : list of array_like of float List of vectors describing redundant group centers lengths : list of float List of redundant group baseline lengths in meters Notes ----- The baseline numbers refer to antenna pairs (a1, a2) such that the baseline vector formed from ENU antenna positions, blvec = enu[a1] - enu[a2] is close to the other baselines in the group. This is achieved by putting baselines in a form of the u>0 convention, but with a tolerance in defining the signs of vector components. To guarantee that the same baseline numbers are present in a UVData object, ``UVData.conjugate_bls('u>0', uvw_tol=tol)``, where `tol` is the tolerance used here. """ Nants = antenna_numbers.size bls = [] bl_vecs = [] for aj in range(Nants): mini = aj + 1 if include_autos: mini = aj for ai in range(mini, Nants): anti, antj = antenna_numbers[ai], antenna_numbers[aj] bidx = antnums_to_baseline(antj, anti, Nants) bv = antenna_positions[ai] - antenna_positions[aj] bl_vecs.append(bv) bls.append(bidx) bls = np.array(bls) bl_vecs = np.array(bl_vecs) gps, vecs, lens, conjs = get_baseline_redundancies( bls, bl_vecs, tol=tol, with_conjugates=True ) # Flip the baselines in the groups. for gi, gp in enumerate(gps): for bi, bl in enumerate(gp): if bl in conjs: gps[gi][bi] = baseline_index_flip(bl, Nants) return gps, vecs, lens
[docs]def mean_collapse( arr, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Collapse by averaging data. This is similar to np.average, except it handles infs (by giving them zero weight) and zero weight axes (by forcing result to be inf with zero output weight). Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. weights: ndarray, optional weights for average. If none, will default to equal weight for all non-infinite data. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse (passed to np.sum). Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return sum of weights. return_weights_square: bool Whether to return the sum of the square of the weights. Default is False. """ arr = copy.deepcopy(arr) # avoid changing outside if weights is None: weights = np.ones_like(arr) else: weights = copy.deepcopy(weights) weights = weights * np.logical_not(np.isinf(arr)) arr[np.isinf(arr)] = 0 weight_out = np.sum(weights, axis=axis) if return_weights_square: weights_square = weights ** 2 weights_square_out = np.sum(weights_square, axis=axis) out = np.sum(weights * arr, axis=axis) where = weight_out > 1e-10 out = np.true_divide(out, weight_out, where=where) out = np.where(where, out, np.inf) if return_weights and return_weights_square: return out, weight_out, weights_square_out elif return_weights: return out, weight_out elif return_weights_square: return out, weights_square_out else: return out
[docs]def absmean_collapse( arr, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Collapse by averaging absolute value of data. Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. weights: ndarray, optional weights for average. If none, will default to equal weight for all non-infinite data. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse (passed to np.sum). Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return sum of weights. return_weights_square: bool whether to return the sum of the squares of the weights. Default is False. """ return mean_collapse( np.abs(arr), weights=weights, axis=axis, return_weights=return_weights, return_weights_square=return_weights_square, )
[docs]def quadmean_collapse( arr, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Collapse by averaging in quadrature. Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. weights: ndarray, optional weights for average. If none, will default to equal weight for all non-infinite data. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse (passed to np.sum). Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return sum of weights. return_weights_square: bool whether to return the sum of the squares of the weights. Default is False. """ out = mean_collapse( np.abs(arr) ** 2, weights=weights, axis=axis, return_weights=return_weights, return_weights_square=return_weights_square, ) if return_weights and return_weights_square: return np.sqrt(out[0]), out[1], out[2] elif return_weights or return_weights_square: return np.sqrt(out[0]), out[1] else: return np.sqrt(out)
[docs]def or_collapse( arr, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Collapse using OR operation. Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. weights: ndarray, optional NOT USED, but kept for symmetry with other collapsing functions. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse (take OR over). Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return dummy weights array. NOTE: the dummy weights will simply be an array of ones return_weights_square: bool NOT USED, but kept for symmetry with other collapsing functions. """ if arr.dtype != np.bool_: raise ValueError("Input to or_collapse function must be boolean array") out = np.any(arr, axis=axis) if (weights is not None) and not np.all(weights == weights.reshape(-1)[0]): warnings.warn("Currently weights are not handled when OR-ing boolean arrays.") if return_weights: return out, np.ones_like(out, dtype=np.float64) else: return out
[docs]def and_collapse( arr, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Collapse using AND operation. Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. weights: ndarray, optional NOT USED, but kept for symmetry with other collapsing functions. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse (take AND over). Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return dummy weights array. NOTE: the dummy weights will simply be an array of ones return_weights_square: bool NOT USED, but kept for symmetry with other collapsing functions. """ if arr.dtype != np.bool_: raise ValueError("Input to and_collapse function must be boolean array") out = np.all(arr, axis=axis) if (weights is not None) and not np.all(weights == weights.reshape(-1)[0]): warnings.warn("Currently weights are not handled when AND-ing boolean arrays.") if return_weights: return out, np.ones_like(out, dtype=np.float64) else: return out
[docs]def collapse( arr, alg, weights=None, axis=None, return_weights=False, return_weights_square=False ): """ Parent function to collapse an array with a given algorithm. Parameters ---------- arr : array Input array to process. alg : str Algorithm to use. Must be defined in this function with corresponding subfunction above. weights: ndarray, optional weights for collapse operation (e.g. weighted mean). NOTE: Some subfunctions do not use the weights. See corresponding doc strings. axis : int or tuple, optional Axis or axes to collapse. Default is all. return_weights : bool Whether to return sum of weights. return_weights_square: bool Whether to return the sum of the squares of the weights. Default is False. """ collapse_dict = { "mean": mean_collapse, "absmean": absmean_collapse, "quadmean": quadmean_collapse, "or": or_collapse, "and": and_collapse, } try: out = collapse_dict[alg]( arr, weights=weights, axis=axis, return_weights=return_weights, return_weights_square=return_weights_square, ) except KeyError: raise ValueError( "Collapse algorithm must be one of: " + ", ".join(collapse_dict.keys()) + "." ) return out
[docs]def uvcalibrate( uvdata, uvcal, inplace=True, prop_flags=True, Dterm_cal=False, delay_convention="minus", undo=False, time_check=True, ant_check=True, ): """ Calibrate a UVData object with a UVCal object. Parameters ---------- uvdata : UVData object UVData object to calibrate. uvcal : UVCal object UVCal object containing the calibration. inplace : bool, optional if True edit uvdata in place, else return a calibrated copy prop_flags : bool, optional if True, propagate calibration flags to data flags and doesn't use flagged gains. Otherwise, uses flagged gains and does not propagate calibration flags to data flags. Dterm_cal : bool, optional Calibrate the off-diagonal terms in the Jones matrix if present in uvcal. Default is False. Currently not implemented. delay_convention : str, optional Exponent sign to use in conversion of 'delay' to 'gain' cal_type if the input uvcal is not inherently 'gain' cal_type. Default to 'minus'. undo : bool, optional If True, undo the provided calibration. i.e. apply the calibration with flipped gain_convention. Flag propagation rules apply the same. time_check : bool Option to check that times match between the UVCal and UVData objects if UVCal has a single time or time range. Times are always checked if UVCal has multiple times. ant_check : bool Option to check that all antennas with data on the UVData object have calibration solutions in the UVCal object. If this option is set to False, uvcalibrate will proceed without erroring and data for antennas without calibrations will be flagged. Returns ------- UVData, optional Returns if not inplace """ if not inplace: uvdata = uvdata.copy() # Check whether the UVData antennas *that have data associated with them* # have associated data in the UVCal object uvdata_unique_nums = np.unique(np.append(uvdata.ant_1_array, uvdata.ant_2_array)) uvdata.antenna_names = np.asarray(uvdata.antenna_names) uvdata_used_antnames = np.array( [ uvdata.antenna_names[np.where(uvdata.antenna_numbers == antnum)][0] for antnum in uvdata_unique_nums ] ) uvcal_unique_nums = np.unique(uvcal.ant_array) uvcal.antenna_names = np.asarray(uvcal.antenna_names) uvcal_used_antnames = np.array( [ uvcal.antenna_names[np.where(uvcal.antenna_numbers == antnum)][0] for antnum in uvcal_unique_nums ] ) ant_arr_match = uvcal_used_antnames.tolist() == uvdata_used_antnames.tolist() if not ant_arr_match: # check more carefully name_missing = [] for this_ant_name in uvdata_used_antnames: wh_ant_match = np.nonzero(uvcal_used_antnames == this_ant_name) if wh_ant_match[0].size == 0: name_missing.append(this_ant_name) if len(name_missing) > 0: if len(name_missing) == uvdata_used_antnames.size: # all antenna_names with data on UVData are missing on UVCal. if not ant_check: warnings.warn( "All antenna names with data on UVData are missing " "on UVCal. Since ant_check is False, calibration will " "proceed but all data will be flagged." ) else: raise ValueError( "All antenna names with data on UVData are missing " "on UVCal. To continue with calibration " "(and flag all the data), set ant_check=False." ) else: # Only some antenna_names with data on UVData are missing on UVCal if not ant_check: warnings.warn( f"Antennas {name_missing} have data on UVData but are missing " "on UVCal. Since ant_check is False, calibration will " "proceed and the data for these antennas will be flagged." ) else: raise ValueError( f"Antennas {name_missing} have data on UVData but " "are missing on UVCal. To continue calibration and " "flag the data from missing antennas, set ant_check=False." ) uvdata_times = np.unique(uvdata.time_array) downselect_cal_times = False if uvcal.Ntimes > 1: if uvcal.Ntimes < uvdata.Ntimes: raise ValueError( "The uvcal object has more than one time but fewer than the " "number of unique times on the uvdata object." ) uvcal_times = np.unique(uvcal.time_array) try: time_arr_match = np.allclose( uvcal_times, uvdata_times, atol=uvdata._time_array.tols[1], rtol=uvdata._time_array.tols[0], ) except ValueError: time_arr_match = False if not time_arr_match: # check more carefully uvcal_times_to_keep = [] for this_time in uvdata_times: wh_time_match = np.nonzero( np.isclose( uvcal.time_array - this_time, 0, atol=uvdata._time_array.tols[1], rtol=uvdata._time_array.tols[0], ) ) if wh_time_match[0].size > 0: uvcal_times_to_keep.append(uvcal.time_array[wh_time_match][0]) else: raise ValueError( f"Time {this_time} exists on UVData but not on UVCal." ) if len(uvcal_times_to_keep) < uvcal.Ntimes: downselect_cal_times = True elif uvcal.time_range is None: # only one UVCal time, no time_range. # This cannot match if UVData.Ntimes > 1. # If they are both NTimes = 1, then check if they're close. if uvdata.Ntimes > 1 or not np.isclose( uvdata_times, uvcal.time_array, atol=uvdata._time_array.tols[1], rtol=uvdata._time_array.tols[0], ): if not time_check: warnings.warn( "Times do not match between UVData and UVCal " "but time_check is False, so calibration " "will be applied anyway." ) else: raise ValueError( "Times do not match between UVData and UVCal. " "Set time_check=False to apply calibration anyway." ) else: # time_array is length 1 and time_range exists: check uvdata_times in time_range if ( np.min(uvdata_times) < uvcal.time_range[0] or np.max(uvdata_times) > uvcal.time_range[1] ): if not time_check: warnings.warn( "Times do not match between UVData and UVCal " "but time_check is False, so calibration " "will be applied anyway." ) else: raise ValueError( "Times do not match between UVData and UVCal. " "Set time_check=False to apply calibration anyway. " ) downselect_cal_freq = False if uvdata.future_array_shapes: uvdata_freq_arr_use = uvdata.freq_array else: uvdata_freq_arr_use = uvdata.freq_array[0, :] try: freq_arr_match = np.allclose( np.sort(uvcal.freq_array[0, :]), np.sort(uvdata_freq_arr_use), atol=uvdata._freq_array.tols[1], rtol=uvdata._freq_array.tols[0], ) except ValueError: freq_arr_match = False if freq_arr_match is False: # check more carefully uvcal_freqs_to_keep = [] for this_freq in uvdata_freq_arr_use: wh_freq_match = np.nonzero( np.isclose( uvcal.freq_array - this_freq, 0, atol=uvdata._freq_array.tols[1], rtol=uvdata._freq_array.tols[0], ) ) if wh_freq_match[0].size > 0: uvcal_freqs_to_keep.append(uvcal.freq_array[wh_freq_match][0]) else: raise ValueError( f"Frequency {this_freq} exists on UVData but not on UVCal." ) if len(uvcal_freqs_to_keep) < uvcal.Nfreqs: downselect_cal_freq = True uvdata_pol_strs = polnum2str( uvdata.polarization_array, x_orientation=uvdata.x_orientation ) uvcal_pol_strs = jnum2str(uvcal.jones_array, x_orientation=uvcal.x_orientation) uvdata_feed_pols = { feed for pol in uvdata_pol_strs for feed in POL_TO_FEED_DICT[pol] } for feed in uvdata_feed_pols: # get diagonal jones str jones_str = parse_jpolstr(feed, x_orientation=uvcal.x_orientation) if jones_str not in uvcal_pol_strs: raise ValueError( f"Feed polarization {feed} exists on UVData but not on UVCal. " ) # downselect UVCal times, frequencies if downselect_cal_freq or downselect_cal_times: if not downselect_cal_times: uvcal_times_to_keep = None elif not downselect_cal_freq: uvcal_freqs_to_keep = None uvcal_use = uvcal.select( times=uvcal_times_to_keep, frequencies=uvcal_freqs_to_keep, inplace=False ) new_uvcal = True else: uvcal_use = uvcal new_uvcal = False # input checks if uvcal_use.cal_type == "delay": if not new_uvcal: # make a copy to convert to gain uvcal_use = uvcal_use.copy() new_uvcal = True uvcal_use.convert_to_gain(delay_convention=delay_convention) # D-term calibration if Dterm_cal: # check for D-terms if -7 not in uvcal_use.jones_array and -8 not in uvcal_use.jones_array: raise ValueError( "Cannot apply D-term calibration without -7 or -8" "Jones polarization in uvcal object." ) raise NotImplementedError("D-term calibration is not yet implemented.") # No D-term calibration else: # key is number, value is name uvdata_ant_dict = dict(zip(uvdata.antenna_numbers, uvdata.antenna_names)) # opposite: key is name, value is number uvcal_ant_dict = dict(zip(uvcal.antenna_names, uvcal.antenna_numbers)) # iterate over keys for key in uvdata.get_antpairpols(): # get indices for this key blt_inds = uvdata.antpair2ind(key) pol_ind = np.argmin( np.abs( uvdata.polarization_array - polstr2num(key[2], uvdata.x_orientation) ) ) # try to get gains for each antenna ant1_num = key[0] ant2_num = key[1] feed1, feed2 = POL_TO_FEED_DICT[key[2]] try: uvcal_ant1_num = uvcal_ant_dict[uvdata_ant_dict[ant1_num]] except KeyError: uvcal_ant1_num = None try: uvcal_ant2_num = uvcal_ant_dict[uvdata_ant_dict[ant2_num]] except KeyError: uvcal_ant2_num = None uvcal_key1 = (uvcal_ant1_num, feed1) uvcal_key2 = (uvcal_ant2_num, feed2) if (uvcal_ant1_num is None or uvcal_ant2_num is None) or not ( uvcal_use._has_key(*uvcal_key1) and uvcal_use._has_key(*uvcal_key2) ): if uvdata.future_array_shapes: uvdata.flag_array[blt_inds, :, pol_ind] = True else: uvdata.flag_array[blt_inds, 0, :, pol_ind] = True continue gain = ( uvcal_use.get_gains(uvcal_key1) * np.conj(uvcal_use.get_gains(uvcal_key2)) ).T # tranpose to match uvdata shape flag = (uvcal_use.get_flags(uvcal_key1) | uvcal_use.get_flags(uvcal_key2)).T # propagate flags if prop_flags: mask = np.isclose(gain, 0.0) | flag gain[mask] = 1.0 if uvdata.future_array_shapes: uvdata.flag_array[blt_inds, :, pol_ind] += mask else: uvdata.flag_array[blt_inds, 0, :, pol_ind] += mask # apply to data mult_gains = uvcal_use.gain_convention == "multiply" if undo: mult_gains = not mult_gains if uvdata.future_array_shapes: if mult_gains: uvdata.data_array[blt_inds, :, pol_ind] *= gain else: uvdata.data_array[blt_inds, :, pol_ind] /= gain else: if mult_gains: uvdata.data_array[blt_inds, 0, :, pol_ind] *= gain else: uvdata.data_array[blt_inds, 0, :, pol_ind] /= gain # update attributes uvdata.history += "\nCalibrated with pyuvdata.utils.uvcalibrate." if undo: uvdata.vis_units = "UNCALIB" else: if uvcal_use.gain_scale is not None: uvdata.vis_units = uvcal_use.gain_scale if not inplace: return uvdata
[docs]def apply_uvflag( uvd, uvf, inplace=True, unflag_first=False, flag_missing=True, force_pol=True ): """ Apply flags from a UVFlag to a UVData instantiation. Note that if uvf.Nfreqs or uvf.Ntimes is 1, it will broadcast flags across that axis. Parameters ---------- uvd : UVData object UVData object to add flags to. uvf : UVFlag object A UVFlag object in flag mode. inplace : bool If True overwrite flags in uvd, otherwise return new object unflag_first : bool If True, completely unflag the UVData before applying flags. Else, OR the inherent uvd flags with uvf flags. flag_missing : bool If input uvf is a baseline type and antpairs in uvd do not exist in uvf, flag them in uvd. Otherwise leave them untouched. force_pol : bool If True, broadcast flags to all polarizations if they do not match. Only works if uvf.Npols == 1. Returns ------- UVData If not inplace, returns new UVData object with flags applied """ # assertions if uvf.mode != "flag": raise ValueError("UVFlag must be flag mode") if not inplace: uvd = uvd.copy() # make a deepcopy by default b/c it is generally edited inplace downstream uvf = uvf.copy() # convert to baseline type if uvf.type != "baseline": # edits inplace uvf.to_baseline(uvd, force_pol=force_pol) else: # make sure polarizations match or force_pol uvd_pols, uvf_pols = ( uvd.polarization_array.tolist(), uvf.polarization_array.tolist(), ) if set(uvd_pols) != set(uvf_pols): if uvf.Npols == 1 and force_pol: # if uvf is 1pol we can make them match: also edits inplace uvf.polarization_array = uvd.polarization_array uvf.Npols = len(uvf.polarization_array) uvf_pols = uvf.polarization_array.tolist() else: raise ValueError("Input uvf and uvd polarizations do not match") # make sure polarization ordering is correct: also edits inplace uvf.polarization_array = uvf.polarization_array[ [uvd_pols.index(pol) for pol in uvf_pols] ] # check time and freq shapes match: if Ntimes or Nfreqs is 1, allow # implicit broadcasting if uvf.Ntimes == 1: mismatch_times = False elif uvf.Ntimes == uvd.Ntimes: tdiff = np.unique(uvf.time_array) - np.unique(uvd.time_array) mismatch_times = np.any(tdiff > np.max(np.abs(uvf._time_array.tols))) else: mismatch_times = True if mismatch_times: raise ValueError("UVFlag and UVData have mismatched time arrays.") if uvf.Nfreqs == 1: mismatch_freqs = False elif uvf.Nfreqs == uvd.Nfreqs: fdiff = np.unique(uvf.freq_array) - np.unique(uvd.freq_array) mismatch_freqs = np.any(fdiff > np.max(np.abs(uvf._freq_array.tols))) else: mismatch_freqs = True if mismatch_freqs: raise ValueError("UVFlag and UVData have mismatched frequency arrays.") # unflag if desired if unflag_first: uvd.flag_array[:] = False # iterate over antpairs and apply flags: TODO need to be able to handle # conjugated antpairs uvf_antpairs = uvf.get_antpairs() for ap in uvd.get_antpairs(): uvd_ap_inds = uvd.antpair2ind(ap) if ap not in uvf_antpairs: if flag_missing: uvd.flag_array[uvd_ap_inds] = True continue uvf_ap_inds = uvf.antpair2ind(*ap) # addition of boolean is OR if uvd.future_array_shapes: uvd.flag_array[uvd_ap_inds] += uvf.flag_array[uvf_ap_inds, 0, :, :] else: uvd.flag_array[uvd_ap_inds] += uvf.flag_array[uvf_ap_inds] uvd.history += "\nFlagged with pyuvdata.utils.apply_uvflags." if not inplace: return uvd
def parse_ants(uv, ant_str, print_toggle=False, x_orientation=None): """ Get antpair and polarization from parsing an aipy-style ant string. Used to support the select function. Generates two lists of antenna pair tuples and polarization indices based on parsing of the string ant_str. If no valid polarizations (pseudo-Stokes params, or combinations of [lr] or [xy]) or antenna numbers are found in ant_str, ant_pairs_nums and polarizations are returned as None. Parameters ---------- uv : UVBase Object A UVBased object that supports the following functions and parameters: - get_ants - get_antpairs - get_pols These are used to construct the baseline ant_pair_nums and polarizations returned. ant_str : str String containing antenna information to parse. Can be 'all', 'auto', 'cross', or combinations of antenna numbers and polarization indicators 'l' and 'r' or 'x' and 'y'. Minus signs can also be used in front of an antenna number or baseline to exclude it from being output in ant_pairs_nums. If ant_str has a minus sign as the first character, 'all,' will be appended to the beginning of the string. See the tutorial for examples of valid strings and their behavior. print_toggle : bool Boolean for printing parsed baselines for a visual user check. x_orientation : str, optional Orientation of the physical dipole corresponding to what is labelled as the x polarization ("east" or "north") to allow for converting from E/N strings. If input uv object has an `x_orientation` parameter and the input to this function is `None`, the value from the object will be used. Any input given to this function will override the value on the uv object. See corresonding parameter on UVData for more details. Returns ------- ant_pairs_nums : list of tuples of int or None List of tuples containing the parsed pairs of antenna numbers, or None if ant_str is 'all' or a pseudo-Stokes polarizations. polarizations : list of int or None List of desired polarizations or None if ant_str does not contain a polarization specification. """ required_attrs = ["get_ants", "get_antpairs", "get_pols"] if not all(hasattr(uv, attr) for attr in required_attrs): raise ValueError( "UVBased objects must have all the following attributes in order " f"to call 'parse_ants': {required_attrs}." ) if x_orientation is None and ( hasattr(uv, "x_orientation") and uv.x_orientation is not None ): x_orientation = uv.x_orientation ant_re = r"(\(((-?\d+[lrxy]?,?)+)\)|-?\d+[lrxy]?)" bl_re = "(^(%s_%s|%s),?)" % (ant_re, ant_re, ant_re) str_pos = 0 ant_pairs_nums = [] polarizations = [] ants_data = uv.get_ants() ant_pairs_data = uv.get_antpairs() pols_data = uv.get_pols() warned_ants = [] warned_pols = [] if ant_str.startswith("-"): ant_str = "all," + ant_str while str_pos < len(ant_str): m = re.search(bl_re, ant_str[str_pos:]) if m is None: if ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("ALL"): if len(ant_str[str_pos:].split(",")) > 1: ant_pairs_nums = uv.get_antpairs() elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("AUTO"): for pair in ant_pairs_data: if pair[0] == pair[1] and pair not in ant_pairs_nums: ant_pairs_nums.append(pair) elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("CROSS"): for pair in ant_pairs_data: if not (pair[0] == pair[1] or pair in ant_pairs_nums): ant_pairs_nums.append(pair) elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("PI"): polarizations.append(polstr2num("pI")) elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("PQ"): polarizations.append(polstr2num("pQ")) elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("PU"): polarizations.append(polstr2num("pU")) elif ant_str[str_pos:].upper().startswith("PV"): polarizations.append(polstr2num("pV")) else: raise ValueError("Unparsible argument {s}".format(s=ant_str)) comma_cnt = ant_str[str_pos:].find(",") if comma_cnt >= 0: str_pos += comma_cnt + 1 else: str_pos = len(ant_str) else: m = m.groups() str_pos += len(m[0]) if m[2] is None: ant_i_list = [m[8]] ant_j_list = list(uv.get_ants()) else: if m[3] is None: ant_i_list = [m[2]] else: ant_i_list = m[3].split(",") if m[6] is None: ant_j_list = [m[5]] else: ant_j_list = m[6].split(",") for ant_i in ant_i_list: include_i = True if type(ant_i) == str and ant_i.startswith("-"): ant_i = ant_i[1:] # nibble the - off the string include_i = False for ant_j in ant_j_list: include_j = True if type(ant_j) == str and ant_j.startswith("-"): ant_j = ant_j[1:] include_j = False pols = None ant_i, ant_j = str(ant_i), str(ant_j) if not ant_i.isdigit(): ai = re.search(r"(\d+)([x,y,l,r])", ant_i).groups() if not ant_j.isdigit(): aj = re.search(r"(\d+)([x,y,l,r])", ant_j).groups() if ant_i.isdigit() and ant_j.isdigit(): ai = [ant_i, ""] aj = [ant_j, ""] elif ant_i.isdigit() and not ant_j.isdigit(): if "x" in ant_j or "y" in ant_j: pols = ["x" + aj[1], "y" + aj[1]] else: pols = ["l" + aj[1], "r" + aj[1]] ai = [ant_i, ""] elif not ant_i.isdigit() and ant_j.isdigit(): if "x" in ant_i or "y" in ant_i: pols = [ai[1] + "x", ai[1] + "y"] else: pols = [ai[1] + "l", ai[1] + "r"] aj = [ant_j, ""] elif not ant_i.isdigit() and not ant_j.isdigit(): pols = [ai[1] + aj[1]] ant_tuple = (abs(int(ai[0])), abs(int(aj[0]))) # Order tuple according to order in object if ant_tuple in ant_pairs_data: pass elif ant_tuple[::-1] in ant_pairs_data: ant_tuple = ant_tuple[::-1] else: if not ( ant_tuple[0] in ants_data or ant_tuple[0] in warned_ants ): warned_ants.append(ant_tuple[0]) if not ( ant_tuple[1] in ants_data or ant_tuple[1] in warned_ants ): warned_ants.append(ant_tuple[1]) if pols is not None: for pol in pols: if not (pol.lower() in pols_data or pol in warned_pols): warned_pols.append(pol) continue if include_i and include_j: if ant_tuple not in ant_pairs_nums: ant_pairs_nums.append(ant_tuple) if pols is not None: for pol in pols: if ( pol.lower() in pols_data and polstr2num(pol, x_orientation=x_orientation) not in polarizations ): polarizations.append( polstr2num(pol, x_orientation=x_orientation) ) elif not ( pol.lower() in pols_data or pol in warned_pols ): warned_pols.append(pol) else: if pols is not None: for pol in pols: if pol.lower() in pols_data: if uv.Npols == 1 and [pol.lower()] == pols_data: ant_pairs_nums.remove(ant_tuple) if ( polstr2num(pol, x_orientation=x_orientation) in polarizations ): polarizations.remove( polstr2num( pol, x_orientation=x_orientation, ) ) elif not ( pol.lower() in pols_data or pol in warned_pols ): warned_pols.append(pol) elif ant_tuple in ant_pairs_nums: ant_pairs_nums.remove(ant_tuple) if ant_str.upper() == "ALL": ant_pairs_nums = None elif len(ant_pairs_nums) == 0: if not ant_str.upper() in ["AUTO", "CROSS"]: ant_pairs_nums = None if len(polarizations) == 0: polarizations = None else: polarizations.sort(reverse=True) if print_toggle: print("\nParsed antenna pairs:") if ant_pairs_nums is not None: for pair in ant_pairs_nums: print(pair) print("\nParsed polarizations:") if polarizations is not None: for pol in polarizations: print(polnum2str(pol, x_orientation=x_orientation)) if len(warned_ants) > 0: warnings.warn( "Warning: Antenna number {a} passed, but not present " "in the ant_1_array or ant_2_array".format( a=(",").join(map(str, warned_ants)) ) ) if len(warned_pols) > 0: warnings.warn( "Warning: Polarization {p} is not present in " "the polarization_array".format(p=(",").join(warned_pols).upper()) ) return ant_pairs_nums, polarizations def _combine_filenames(filename1, filename2): """Combine the filename attribute from multiple UVData objects. The 4 cases are: 1. `filename1` has been set, `filename2` has not 2. `filename1` has not been set, `filename2` has 3. `filename1` and `filename2` both have been set 4. `filename1` and `filename2` both have not been set In case (1), we do not want to update the attribute, because it is already set correctly. In case (2), we want to replace `filename1` with the value from `filename2. In case (3), we want to take the union of the sets of the filenames. In case (4), we want the filename attribute to still be `None`. Parameters ---------- filename1 : list of str or None The list of filenames for the first UVData object. If it is not set, it should be `None`. filename2 : list of str or None The list of filenames for the second UVData object. If it is not set, it should be `None`. Returns ------- combined_filenames : list of str or None The combined list, with potentially duplicate entries removed. """ combined_filenames = filename1 if filename1 is not None: if filename2 is not None: combined_filenames = sorted(set(filename1).union(set(filename2))) elif filename2 is not None: combined_filenames = filename2 return combined_filenames